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A fever, shivering, or redness, pain or pus where a central line goes in can mean the line is infected. Blood is taken from the line and from an arm vein before antibiotics start, and antibiotics should not wait for the results. Some line infections can be cleared with the line left in; others, such as a serious infection or certain germs, mean the line has to come out.
IDSA (2009, the current edition) and ESMO (2015) agree on the core. Take paired blood cultures, one through the catheter and one from a peripheral vein, before antibiotics, labelled by site (IDSA A-II; ESMO [II, A]); if no peripheral sample is possible, take at least two through different lumens (IDSA B-III; ESMO [III, B]). Clean the hub or skin with alcohol, iodine tincture or alcoholic chlorhexidine above 0.5% and let it dry (A-I). Swab any exit-site exudate (B-III). Growth from the catheter sample at least 2 hours before the peripheral sample (differential time to positivity) supports catheter-related bloodstream infection (A-II).
Start empirical antibiotics without waiting for cultures (ESMO): vancomycin where MRSA is common (IDSA A-II; ESMO [II, A]), with Gram-negative cover chosen from local susceptibility data, and combination cover for resistant Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas when the patient is neutropenic or septic (IDSA A-II). Suspect candidaemia in septic patients with haematological cancer, transplant or parenteral nutrition (B-II).
Remove a long-term catheter for severe sepsis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, bacteraemia persisting beyond 72 hours of appropriate antibiotics, or infection with S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, fungi or mycobacteria (IDSA A-II); ESMO adds tunnel infection and port abscess. Otherwise salvage can be tried with systemic antibiotics plus an antibiotic lock (B-II), with repeat cultures and removal if they are still positive at 72 hours (B-II). A single positive culture for coagulase-negative staphylococci should be repeated, paired, before treatment or removal (A-II).
Why: Line infections can start suddenly and become serious quickly, especially when white cells are low.
“Clinical manifestations of CVC infection may include: fever, inflammation or purulence at the insertion site (erythema, tenderness, pain, induration and drainage), catheter dysfunction, hypotension, chills and signs of sepsis of sudden onset, after catheter use.”
Why: Germs on the skin or hub can contaminate the bottle and give a false result.
“If a blood sample is obtained through a catheter, clean the catheter hub with either alcohol or tincture of iodine or alcoholic chlorhexidine (>0.5%) and allow adequate drying time to mitigate blood culture contamination (A-I).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · A-I
Why: Comparing the two shows whether the line is the source of the infection, which decides whether it must come out.
“For suspected CRBSI, paired blood samples drawn from the catheter and from a peripheral vein should be cultured before initiation of antimicrobial therapy, and the bottles should be appropriately marked to reflect the site from which the cultures were obtained (A-II).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · A-II
Why: Two samples still allow a comparison.
“If a blood sample for culture cannot be drawn from a peripheral vein, it is recommended that ≥2 blood samples should be obtained through different catheter lumens (B-III).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · B-III
Why: It can identify the germ before the blood cultures grow.
“When catheter-related infection is suspected and there is a catheter exit site exudate, swab the drainage to obtain samples for culture and Gram staining (B-III).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · B-III
Why: Delay increases the risk of sepsis becoming life-threatening.
“Antibiotic therapy onset should not be delayed for blood culture results to be available.”
Why: Skin staphylococci are the commonest cause; people with low white cells or sepsis can also be infected by more dangerous bowel organisms.
“Empirical combination antibiotic coverage for multi-drug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacilli, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, should be used when CRBSI is suspected in neutropenic patients, severely ill patients with sepsis, or patients known to be colonized with such pathogens, until the culture and susceptibility data are available and deescalation of the antibiotic regimen can be done (A-II).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · A-II
Why: Germs living in the line reach detectable levels sooner in blood drawn through it.
“For DTP, growth of microbes from blood drawn from a catheter hub at least 2 h before microbial growth is detected in blood samples obtained from a peripheral vein best defines CRBSI (A-II).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · A-II
Why: These skin germs often contaminate a sample without causing infection.
“If a catheterized patient has a single positive blood culture that grows coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, then additional cultures of blood samples obtained through the suspected catheter and from a peripheral vein should be performed before the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and/or catheter removal to be certain that the patient has true bloodstream infection and that the catheter is the likely source (A-II).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · A-II
Why: These infections rarely clear with the line in place and can spread to the heart valves or bones.
“Long-term catheters should be removed from patients with CRBSI associated with any of the following conditions: severe sepsis; suppurative thrombophlebitis; endocarditis; bloodstream infection that continues despite >72 h of antimicrobial therapy to which the infecting microbes are susceptible; or infections due to S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, fungi, or mycobacteria (A-II).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · A-II
Why: Pus in the tunnel or around the port cannot be cleared by antibiotics while the device is there.
“Indications to remove the CVC are: severe sepsis, suppurative (septic) thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, tunnel infection, port abscess”
Why: People with cancer may need the line for months, and replacing it has its own risks.
“Antibiotic lock therapy should be used for catheter salvage (B-II); however, if antibiotic lock therapy cannot be used in this situation, systemic antibiotics should be administered through the colonized catheter (C-III).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · B-II
Why: Persistent positive cultures mean the line is still seeding the blood.
“For patients with CRBSI for whom catheter salvage is attempted, additional blood cultures should be obtained, and the catheter should be removed if blood culture results (e.g., 2 sets of blood cultures obtained on a given day; 1 set of blood cultures is acceptable for neonates) remain positive when blood samples are obtained 72 h after the initiation of appropriate therapy (B-II).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · B-II
Why: The material inside the port is more likely to grow the germ than the tip alone.
“If a venous access subcutaneous port is removed because of suspected CRBSI, send the port to the microbiology laboratory for qualitative culture of the port reservoir contents, in addition to the catheter tip (B-II).”
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · B-II
How care is usually carried out, read from the guidelines and standards cited. Your own team's protocol and their judgement come first; this page is for understanding it, not for doing it yourself.
Paired, labelled blood cultures from the line and a peripheral vein before antibiotics (IDSA A-II; ESMO [II, A]) after hub and skin antisepsis allowed to dry (A-I); empirical antibiotics without delay, vancomycin where MRSA is common (A-II) and Gram-negative cover by local data, combination cover in neutropenia or sepsis (A-II); removal of a long-term line for severe sepsis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, persistent bacteraemia beyond 72 hours, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, fungi or mycobacteria (IDSA A-II), and for tunnel infection or port abscess (ESMO); otherwise salvage with antibiotic lock (B-II) and repeat cultures. IDSA (2009) and ESMO (2015) agree on these points; both are old, and no newer edition of either was found.
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · ESMO (Annals of Oncology, Sousa et al.) 2015
Where it differs: Keeps a long-term catheter infected with organisms other than S. aureus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Propionibacteria, fungi or mycobacteria, treating with systemic antibiotics and an antibiotic lock.
Evidence: IDSA B-II, framed for patients with limited access sites; ESMO's algorithm (Figure 1) follows the same logic. No randomised trial of salvage against removal in cancer was cited.
IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 · ESMO (Annals of Oncology, Sousa et al.) 2015
| Recommendation | Grade, as printed | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Blood cultures before antibiotics “In the diagnostic assessment, blood cultures are indicated before starting antibiotic treatment [I, A]” | [I, A] | ESMO (Annals of Oncology, Sousa et al.) 2015 |
| Paired cultures, catheter and peripheral vein, labelled | A-II | IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 |
| Vancomycin empirically where MRSA is prevalent “Vancomycin is recommended for empirical therapy in heath care settings with an elevated prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)” | A-II | IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 |
| Vancomycin as empirical treatment “Since the most frequent infectious agents are Staphylococcus coagulase-negative and S. aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA), the recommended treatment is vancomycin [II, A]” | [II, A] | ESMO (Annals of Oncology, Sousa et al.) 2015 |
| Linezolid not for empirical therapy “Linezolid should not be used for empirical therapy (i.e., for patients suspected but not proven to have bacteremia) (AI).” | AI | IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 |
| Removal of long-term catheters for complicated infection or high-risk organisms | A-II | IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 |
| Thrombolytics not recommended as adjunctive therapy “Urokinase and other thrombolytic agents are not recommended as adjunctive therapy for patients with CRBSI (B-I).” | B-I | IDSA (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Mermel et al.) 2009 |
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Shares Catheter-related thrombosis in people with cancer: diagnosis, anticoagulation and whether the line can stay, Implanted port access, flushing and care in adults having cancer treatment, Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), Implanted ports for chemotherapy (port-a-cath, power-injectable, apheresis and intraperitoneal ports).
Shares Catheter lock solutions (heparin, taurolidine and DefenCath), Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), Implanted ports for chemotherapy (port-a-cath, power-injectable, apheresis and intraperitoneal ports), Central venous access (port, PICC line).
Shares Implanted port access, flushing and care in adults having cancer treatment, Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), Implanted ports for chemotherapy (port-a-cath, power-injectable, apheresis and intraperitoneal ports), Central venous access (port, PICC line).
Shares Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), Implanted ports for chemotherapy (port-a-cath, power-injectable, apheresis and intraperitoneal ports), Central venous access (port, PICC line).
Shares Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines), Implanted ports for chemotherapy (port-a-cath, power-injectable, apheresis and intraperitoneal ports), Central venous access (port, PICC line).