biomarker-parent

FcRH5 is a surface protein found almost only on B cells and myeloma plasma cells, which makes it a target for T-cell engaging antibodies in multiple myeloma.

H3.3 is one of the histone proteins DNA wraps around; a single change at position 27 (K27M) locks brain-stem and midline gliomas in an immature state and defines the diagnosis.

Ki-67 is a protein present only in cells that are dividing, so the share of tumour cells that stain for it is a direct read of how fast the cancer is growing.

MGMT is a DNA repair enzyme that removes the damage temozolomide causes; when the gene is switched off by methylation the tumour cannot repair itself and the drug works better.

The four mismatch repair proteins proofread newly copied DNA; when a tumour loses one of them its DNA fills with small errors, and that state (dMMR or MSI-high) is what lets immunotherapy work across many cancers.

MYCN is a growth-driving gene that some neuroblastomas copy many times over; that amplification is one of the strongest signs the tumour is aggressive and sets the intensity of treatment.

PTEN is the brake on the PI3K growth pathway; when a tumour loses it the pathway runs unchecked, which is why PTEN loss now selects patients for the AKT inhibitor capivasertib.