Fiducial markers
Tiny gold seeds or electromagnetic beacons placed in or near a tumour so the treatment machine can see exactly where it is each day.
Overview
Soft-tissue tumours in the prostate, liver, pancreas and lung are hard to see on the X-ray images used for daily setup. Fiducial markers implanted under ultrasound or endoscopic guidance show up clearly and let the couch be shifted to the tumour's true position; electromagnetic transponders report position continuously during the beam. Fiducials make stereotactic treatment of moving targets possible and are being joined by markerless tracking on MRI and with AI.
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