Melanoma
Prepared with OnCo (onco.cc/prep/melanoma/). Orientation, not medical advice; your team knows your case.
My details
What I know, what is unclear, changes to discuss
Saved in this browserMy questions
40 on the sheet- 1.What is my exact diagnosis, stage, and grade, and which tests established them?
- 2.Which biomarkers have been tested on my tumour (for example BRAF V600, NRAS, KIT, PD-L1, TMB), and what were the results?
- 3.Which subtype is my cancer, and does that change the recommended treatment?
- 4.Is germline (inherited) genetic testing recommended for me or my family?
- 5.For my situation (stage ii-iii), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 6.Am I a candidate for Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, and what side effects should I expect?
- 7.For my situation (metastatic first line), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 8.Am I a candidate for Relatlimab + nivolumab, Encorafenib, and what side effects should I expect?
- 9.How do the results of CheckMate 067 apply to someone like me?
- 10.For my situation (after pd-1), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 11.Am I a candidate for Lifileucel, Vusolimogene oderparepvec, Tebentafusp, and what side effects should I expect?
- 12.For my situation (screening and diagnosis), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 13.For my situation (stage i-ii primary), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 14.How do the results of MSLT-II apply to someone like me?
- 15.For my situation (stage iib-iic (thick or ulcerated, node-negative)), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 16.Am I a candidate for Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, and what side effects should I expect?
- 17.How do the results of KEYNOTE-716 apply to someone like me?
- 18.For my situation (resectable stage iii (macroscopic nodes)), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 19.How do the results of NADINA and SWOG S1801 apply to someone like me?
- 20.For my situation (stage iii after surgery (adjuvant)), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 21.Am I a candidate for Dabrafenib + trametinib, and what side effects should I expect?
- 22.How do the results of COMBI-AD and RELATIVITY-098 apply to someone like me?
- 23.For my situation (unresectable or metastatic, first line), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 24.How do the results of CheckMate 067 and RELATIVITY-047 apply to someone like me?
- 25.For my situation (braf v600-mutant, after immunotherapy or needing rapid response), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 26.Am I a candidate for Encorafenib, Binimetinib, Vemurafenib or related drugs, and what side effects should I expect?
- 27.How do the results of COLUMBUS apply to someone like me?
- 28.For my situation (after anti-pd-1 failure), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 29.Am I a candidate for Lifileucel, Vusolimogene oderparepvec, Brenetafusp, and what side effects should I expect?
- 30.How do the results of C-144-01 and PRISM-MEL-301 apply to someone like me?
- 31.For my situation (metastatic uveal melanoma (hla-a*02:01-positive)), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 32.Am I a candidate for Tebentafusp, and what side effects should I expect?
- 33.How do the results of IMCgp100-202 apply to someone like me?
- 34.For my situation (brain metastases), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 35.Am I a candidate for Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, and what side effects should I expect?
- 36.Are there clinical trials I could join, for example of Intismeran autogene, Vusolimogene oderparepvec, Lifileucel, Tebentafusp?
- 37.Would a second opinion at a high-volume centre change anything, and can you help arrange it?
- 38.What supportive care (symptom control, nutrition, exercise, mental health, financial help) is available from the start?
- 39.I read that “Primary IO resistance in ~40%”. How does that affect my plan?
- 40.I read that “Uveal and mucosal subtypes”. How does that affect my plan?
The words I may hear
- Major pathological response (MPR): When, after pre-surgery treatment, the removed tumour contains little or no living cancer: 10% or less viable cells.
- Breslow thickness: How deep a melanoma has grown into the skin, in millimetres.
- Ulceration (melanoma): Loss of the skin surface over a melanoma under the microscope; a sign of aggressive biology that raises the stage.
- Immune surveillance and cancer immunoediting: The immune system patrols for cells that have turned malignant and destroys most of them; the tumours we see are the ones that learned to hide.
- Bioelectric theory of cancer (Levin): Cells hold a voltage across their membranes, and tissues share these voltages as patterns that guide growth and regeneration.
- Wide local excision: Cutting out a tumour together with a measured rim of normal-looking tissue around it, so that microscopic spread at the edge is removed too.
- Cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses: Cancer vaccines teach the immune system to recognise proteins on tumour cells; oncolytic viruses infect and burst cancer cells while raising the alarm to immunity.
- Fixed-duration vs continuous therapy: Whether a drug is taken for a set period (say 12 months) and then stopped even though it is still working, or continued indefinitely until it fails.
- HLA-A*02:01 restriction: Some T-cell-receptor drugs only work in people with a particular immune 'tissue type'.
- Liver-directed therapy (TACE, TARE, HAI, ablation): The set of treatments aimed only at tumours in the liver, delivered through its artery or by needle, used when the liver is the main or only site of disease: chemoembolisation, radioactive beads, ablation and infusion pumps.
Tests and results to bring
Screening and diagnosis: Dermoscopy, total-body photography for high-risk patients, excisional biopsy with Breslow thickness and ulceration reported; AI decision support emerging.
Biomarker results to ask for: BRAF V600, NRAS, KIT (acral/mucosal), PD-L1 (weak), TMB, HLA-A*02:01 (tebentafusp), Breslow thickness and ulceration (staging), Sentinel node status, BRAF V600E/K (targeted therapy eligibility), NRAS, KIT (subtype and trial eligibility), HLA-A*02:01 (tebentafusp, brenetafusp), PRAME (diagnostic IHC; TCR target), LDH (prognostic in stage IV), ctDNA (investigational for MRD and response), TMB and interferon signatures (research predictors of IO response).
Scans and tests linked to this cancer: Companion diagnostics, Comprehensive genomic profiling, Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse, SPECT & bone scan, SPECT/CT, Ultrasound.
Bring copies of scan reports, pathology and blood results, and a list of every medicine and supplement.
The treatments I may be offered
- Stage II-III: Adjuvant pembrolizumab/nivolumab; neoadjuvant IO for resectable stage III. (Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Sentinel lymph node biopsy)
- Stage I-II primary: Wide local excision with margins by thickness (1-2 cm); sentinel lymph node biopsy from ~0.8 mm Breslow or with ulceration; nodal ultrasound surveillance rather than completion dissection if positive (MSLT-II). (Sentinel lymph node biopsy, MSLT-II, Ultrasound)
- Resectable stage III (macroscopic nodes): Neoadjuvant ipilimumab + nivolumab (two cycles) then surgery with response-adapted adjuvant therapy (NADINA), or neoadjuvant pembrolizumab (SWOG S1801); alternative adjuvant-only PD-1 or, if BRAF-mutant, dabrafenib-trametinib. (NADINA, SWOG S1801, COMBI-AD, Major pathological response (MPR))
- Stage III after surgery (adjuvant): Nivolumab or pembrolizumab for one year; dabrafenib-trametinib for BRAF V600 (COMBI-AD, 10-year RFS 48%); relatlimab adds nothing (RELATIVITY-098). (COMBI-AD, Dabrafenib + trametinib, RELATIVITY-098)
- Unresectable or metastatic, first line: Nivolumab + ipilimumab (highest long-term survival; ~59% grade 3-4 events) or nivolumab + relatlimab (Opdualag; ~21%) or anti-PD-1 alone; for BRAF-mutant disease, immunotherapy first (DREAMseq) unless rapid control is needed. (CheckMate 067, RELATIVITY-047, KEYNOTE-006, DREAMseq (ECOG-ACRIN EA6134), Immunotherapy first, then BRAF/MEK (BRAF-mutant melanoma))
- Metastatic first line: Nivolumab-ipilimumab or nivolumab-relatlimab; BRAF/MEK if rapid control needed. (CheckMate 067, Relatlimab + nivolumab, Encorafenib)
- After PD-1: Lifileucel, RP1 + nivolumab, ipilimumab-based, trials; tebentafusp (uveal). (Lifileucel, Vusolimogene oderparepvec, Tebentafusp)
- Stage IIB-IIC (thick or ulcerated, node-negative): Adjuvant pembrolizumab or nivolumab for one year (KEYNOTE-716, CheckMate 76K); discuss modest absolute benefit and irAE risk; ctDNA-guided trials. (KEYNOTE-716, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab)
- BRAF V600-mutant, after immunotherapy or needing rapid response: BRAF + MEK doublet: encorafenib-binimetinib, dabrafenib-trametinib, or vemurafenib-cobimetinib; triplet with atezolizumab is approved but little used. (COLUMBUS, Encorafenib, Binimetinib, Vemurafenib, Cobimetinib, BRAF inhibitor + MEK inhibitor)
- After anti-PD-1 failure: Lifileucel TIL therapy (accelerated approval 2024), RP1 oncolytic virus + nivolumab (2026), ipilimumab-based rechallenge, brenetafusp trials; clinical trials strongly encouraged. (Lifileucel, C-144-01, Vusolimogene oderparepvec, PRISM-MEL-301, Brenetafusp)
- Metastatic uveal melanoma (HLA-A*02:01-positive): Tebentafusp (OS benefit, IMCgp100-202); liver-directed therapy for hepatic-dominant disease; ipilimumab-nivolumab has modest activity. (Tebentafusp, IMCgp100-202, HLA-A*02:01 restriction)
- Brain metastases: Nivolumab + ipilimumab for asymptomatic disease (~50% intracranial response, CheckMate 204); stereotactic radiosurgery; BRAF/MEK for symptomatic BRAF-mutant disease. (Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, SBRT / SABR (stereotactic radiotherapy))
From the standard of care recorded for this cancer; which apply depends on your stage and biomarkers. Ask which the team recommends and why.