Neuroendocrine tumours
Prepared with OnCo (onco.cc/prep/neuroendocrine/). Orientation, not medical advice; your team knows your case.
My details
What I know, what is unclear, changes to discuss
Saved in this browserMy questions
31 on the sheet- 1.What is my exact diagnosis, stage, and grade, and which tests established them?
- 2.Which biomarkers have been tested on my tumour (for example Ki-67 grade, SSTR PET uptake, Chromogranin A, MEN1, DAXX/ATRX, Ki-67 index and mitotic count), and what were the results?
- 3.Which subtype is my cancer, and does that change the recommended treatment?
- 4.Is germline (inherited) genetic testing recommended for me or my family?
- 5.For my situation (localised), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 6.For my situation (advanced), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 7.Am I a candidate for Lutetium-177 dotatate, Actinium-225 DOTATATE, and what side effects should I expect?
- 8.For my situation (diagnosis and staging), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 9.For my situation (localised disease), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 10.For my situation (advanced, grade 1-2, sstr-positive, first line), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 11.Am I a candidate for Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide), Lutetium-177 dotatate, and what side effects should I expect?
- 12.How do the results of PROMID and CLARINET apply to someone like me?
- 13.For my situation (advanced, progression on ssa), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 14.Am I a candidate for Lutetium-177 dotatate, 177Lu-edotreotide, Everolimus or related drugs, and what side effects should I expect?
- 15.How do the results of COMPETE and RADIANT-3 and RADIANT-4 apply to someone like me?
- 16.For my situation (advanced pancreatic net needing tumour shrinkage), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 17.Am I a candidate for Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM), and what side effects should I expect?
- 18.For my situation (carcinoid syndrome), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 19.Am I a candidate for Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide), and what side effects should I expect?
- 20.For my situation (neuroendocrine carcinoma (poorly differentiated)), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 21.Am I a candidate for Carboplatin, Tarlatamab, Atezolizumab, and what side effects should I expect?
- 22.For my situation (after prrt failure), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 23.Am I a candidate for Actinium-225 DOTATATE, 212Pb-DOTAMTATE, and what side effects should I expect?
- 24.How do the results of ACTION-1 apply to someone like me?
- 25.For my situation (vhl-associated pancreatic net), which of the standard options do you recommend and why?
- 26.Am I a candidate for Belzutifan, and what side effects should I expect?
- 27.Are there clinical trials I could join, for example of Actinium-225 DOTATATE, PM8002, ZG006, Zanzalintinib?
- 28.Would a second opinion at a high-volume centre change anything, and can you help arrange it?
- 29.What supportive care (symptom control, nutrition, exercise, mental health, financial help) is available from the start?
- 30.I read that “Neuroendocrine carcinoma (high grade) behaves like SCLC”. How does that affect my plan?
- 31.I read that “Sequencing of PRRT vs targeted therapy”. How does that affect my plan?
The words I may hear
- Alpha vs beta emitters: Beta particles (lutetium-177) travel millimetres and are good for bulky disease; alpha particles (actinium-225) travel a few cells' width and kill with far higher energy.
- PRRT (peptide receptor radionuclide therapy): A radioactive drug for neuroendocrine tumours: a small peptide that homes to the somatostatin receptor on the tumour cells carries lutetium-177, which irradiates them from within.
- Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease: Flushing, diarrhoea and wheezing caused by hormones (mostly serotonin) released by some neuroendocrine tumours; over years it can scar the heart valves.
- Chromogranin A: Chromogranin A is a protein released by neuroendocrine cells and measured in blood to follow tumour burden; it is unreliable because acid-reducing drugs and kidney disease also raise it.
- Dosimetry: Measuring how much radiation dose each organ and tumour actually received from a radioactive drug.
- MEN1 and hereditary neuroendocrine syndromes: Inherited conditions (MEN1, VHL, NF1, tuberous sclerosis) that cause neuroendocrine tumours, often multiple and at a young age, so families need genetic testing and surveillance.
- TACE (transarterial chemoembolisation): Threading a catheter into the artery feeding a liver tumour and injecting chemotherapy plus particles that block the blood supply, starving and poisoning it at once.
- Von Hippel-Lindau disease: Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an inherited condition causing kidney cancers, adrenal tumours, and blood-vessel tumours of the brain, spine, eye and pancreas from early adulthood.
- Neuroendocrine tumour grade (Ki-67) and WHO classification: How fast the tumour cells are dividing, measured by Ki-67 staining, separates slow-growing neuroendocrine tumours from aggressive neuroendocrine carcinomas and decides the treatment.
- Theranostics: Using the same targeting molecule for a diagnostic scan and a therapy, so you treat exactly what you can see.
Tests and results to bring
Diagnosis and staging: Histology with Ki-67 grading; 68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE PET/CT ± FDG PET; triple-phase CT or MRI of the liver; chromogranin A and syndrome-specific hormones; germline testing for pancreatic NETs and paragangliomas.
Biomarker results to ask for: Ki-67 grade, SSTR PET uptake, Chromogranin A, MEN1, DAXX/ATRX, Ki-67 index and mitotic count (WHO grade), SSTR2 expression by 68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE PET, FDG PET avidity (high-grade or dedifferentiated disease), Chromogranin A (monitoring), 24-hour urinary 5-HIAA (carcinoid syndrome), Germline MEN1, VHL, SDHx testing, MGMT status (CAPTEM response, investigational).
Scans and tests linked to this cancer: Germline (hereditary) testing, Histopathology & immunohistochemistry, PET (positron emission tomography), PET/CT, Serum tumour markers: proper use and misuse, Somatostatin receptor PET (68Ga/64Cu-DOTATATE).
Bring copies of scan reports, pathology and blood results, and a list of every medicine and supplement.
The treatments I may be offered
- Localised: Resection.
- Localised disease: Surgical resection (including primary tumour resection with liver metastases where feasible); endoscopic resection for small rectal/gastric NETs; surveillance for small incidental lesions. (Robotic & minimally invasive surgery)
- Advanced: SSA → 177Lu-DOTATATE → everolimus/cabozantinib/chemotherapy; alpha therapy in trials. (Lutetium-177 dotatate, Actinium-225 DOTATATE)
- Advanced, grade 1-2, SSTR-positive, first line: Somatostatin analogue (octreotide LAR or lanreotide); 177Lu-DOTATATE first line for grade 2-3 (NETTER-2) with high burden. (Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide), PROMID, CLARINET, Lutetium-177 dotatate, Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT))
- Advanced, progression on SSA: PRRT with 177Lu-DOTATATE (or 177Lu-edotreotide if approved); everolimus; sunitinib (pancreatic); cabozantinib (CABINET, all sites). (Lutetium-177 dotatate, 177Lu-edotreotide, COMPETE, Everolimus, RADIANT-3 and RADIANT-4, Sunitinib, Cabozantinib, CABINET (Alliance A021602))
- Advanced pancreatic NET needing tumour shrinkage: CAPTEM (E2211); PRRT; liver-directed therapy for hepatic-dominant disease. (Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM), Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), Radioembolisation (TARE / SIRT, yttrium-90), Thermal ablation (RFA, microwave, cryo))
- Carcinoid syndrome: SSA dose escalation; telotristat ethyl for refractory diarrhoea; octreotide infusion peri-procedurally; echocardiographic screening for carcinoid heart disease. (Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide), Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease)
- Neuroendocrine carcinoma (poorly differentiated): Platinum-etoposide (as in SCLC) ± PD-L1 inhibitor by extrapolation; FOLFIRINOX or CAPTEM in later lines; DLL3-directed agents in trials. (Carboplatin, Tarlatamab, Atezolizumab)
- After PRRT failure: Everolimus or cabozantinib; alpha PRRT in trials (ACTION-1, AlphaMedix); PRRT retreatment in selected patients. (Actinium-225 DOTATATE, ACTION-1, 212Pb-DOTAMTATE, Beta PRRT → alpha PRRT)
- VHL-associated pancreatic NET: Belzutifan (approved 2021) for non-metastatic tumours not requiring immediate surgery. (Belzutifan, MEN1 and hereditary neuroendocrine syndromes)
From the standard of care recorded for this cancer; which apply depends on your stage and biomarkers. Ask which the team recommends and why.