Mastectomy
Removing the whole breast. Done for cancer, or preventively in women with very high inherited risk.
Total mastectomy removes breast tissue; modified radical adds axillary nodes; skin- and nipple-sparing variants allow immediate reconstruction with implants or the patient's own tissue. For most early cancers, lumpectomy plus radiotherapy gives identical survival (NSABP B-06, Milan trials), so mastectomy is chosen for large or multicentric tumours, inflammatory cancer, or patient preference. Bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy cuts breast cancer risk by 90% or more in BRCA1/2 carriers.
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