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9 treatment settings, 6 with more than one named option. Each section lays out the options the standard of care names, what each is for, the trials behind them with their recorded results, the side effects and cautions on record, and questions to ask. Built from the cancer page's standard-of-care rows; nothing here is advice for your case.
Resection → RT + temozolomide → TTFields; lomustine/bevacizumab at relapse.
Injecting a dye that makes tumour glow so the surgeon can see exactly where to cut.
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Resection → vorasidenib or observation; RT/PCV for high-risk.
The first targeted therapy for low-grade brain tumours, delaying the need for radiation and chemotherapy by years.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
No side-effect rates or interaction flags are recorded for these options yet. The side-effect lookup and interaction checker cover the products that have them.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
MRI with contrast; maximal safe resection with 5-ALA and intraoperative mapping, with early postoperative MRI to measure the extent of resection; integrated histo-molecular diagnosis with methylation classification where available.
MRI uses a strong magnet and radio waves, with no ionising radiation, to picture soft tissue in finer contrast than CT, so it is the standard scan for brain tumours, prostate, rectal cancer staging, liver lesions and breast screening in high-risk women. It is slow, expensive and blurred by movement.
Injecting a dye that makes tumour glow so the surgeon can see exactly where to cut.
Reading chemical tags on DNA that reveal a cell's identity, used to classify brain tumours and to detect cancer in blood.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Radiotherapy 60 Gy in 30 fractions with concurrent and 6 cycles adjuvant temozolomide; from age 65, short-course radiotherapy (40 Gy in 15 fractions) with temozolomide (CCTG CE.6); for older patients unfit for combined treatment, temozolomide alone or hypofractionated radiotherapy alone, chosen by MGMT status (Nordic, NOA-08); TTFields with maintenance temozolomide; trials for MGMT-unmethylated patients.
The only chemotherapy proven to extend life in glioblastoma, given during and after radiation. It works best when the tumour has switched off a repair gene called MGMT.
Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer.
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
OS 14.6 vs 12.1 months, HR 0.63.
OS 9.3 vs 7.6 months, HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.56-0.80).
OS 20.9 vs 16.0 months, HR 0.63.
Median overall survival 8.6 months with temozolomide against 9.6 months with radiotherapy (hazard ratio 1.09, non-inferior); MGMT-methylated tumours did better with temozolomide and unmethylated tumours with radiotherapy.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Re-resection or LITT if feasible; lomustine; bevacizumab for oedema/steroid sparing; re-irradiation; clinical trial (CAR-T, FUS-BBB, vaccines) strongly preferred.
An old chemotherapy pill used when glioblastoma comes back, and the control arm most new glioblastoma drugs must beat.
A blood-vessel-blocking antibody that shrinks glioblastoma on scans and reduces swelling, but has never been shown to help patients live longer.
Laser interstitial thermal therapy guides a laser fibre through a small skull hole, monitored by real-time MRI, to heat and destroy deep brain tumours a surgeon could not safely reach.
Engineered immune cells delivered directly into the brain or spinal fluid. Some children with diffuse midline glioma, a brainstem tumour with no curative treatment, have had striking, if temporary, responses.
Sound waves plus microbubbles briefly open the brain's protective barrier so chemotherapy or antibodies can get to the tumour.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy converges multiple beams with sub-millimetre accuracy to deliver tumour-destroying doses in one to five outpatient sessions, doing the job of surgery for inoperable early lung cancer and for metastases in liver, spine and brain. Tumour size and location limit its use, and late toxicity is a concern near the central airways.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Maximal resection; vorasidenib for residual/recurrent disease (INDIGO); radiotherapy plus PCV or temozolomide for high-risk or progressive disease.
The first targeted therapy for low-grade brain tumours, delaying the need for radiation and chemotherapy by years.
PFS 27.7 vs 11.1 months, HR 0.39.
No side-effect rates or interaction flags are recorded for these options yet. The side-effect lookup and interaction checker cover the products that have them.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Radiotherapy plus PCV (RTOG 9402, EORTC 26951) or temozolomide (CATNON).
The only chemotherapy proven to extend life in glioblastoma, given during and after radiation. It works best when the tumour has switched off a repair gene called MGMT.
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Radiotherapy; dordaviprone at progression (2025); GD2 CAR-T and ONC201 first-line trials.
Dordaviprone is the first drug ever approved for a childhood and young-adult brain tumour that had none, diffuse midline glioma with the H3 K27M mutation (August 2025).
Engineered immune cells delivered directly into the brain or spinal fluid. Some children with diffuse midline glioma, a brainstem tumour with no curative treatment, have had striking, if temporary, responses.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Resection where safe; chemotherapy (carboplatin/vincristine) or tovorafenib / dabrafenib-trametinib for BRAF-altered relapsed disease; avoid radiation in young children.
Tovorafenib is a pill for the most common childhood brain tumour, low-grade glioma driven by BRAF changes, approved in 2024.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
No side-effect rates or interaction flags are recorded for these options yet. The side-effect lookup and interaction checker cover the products that have them.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.