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4 treatment settings, 4 with more than one named option. Each section lays out the options the standard of care names, what each is for, the trials behind them with their recorded results, the side effects and cautions on record, and questions to ask. Built from the cancer page's standard-of-care rows; nothing here is advice for your case.
Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (dose-dense MVAC or gemcitabine-cisplatin) with durvalumab (NIAGARA), then radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection and adjuvant durvalumab; adjuvant nivolumab for high-risk residual disease (CheckMate 274).
Cisplatin is the original platinum chemotherapy, discovered by accident in 1965; it cures testicular cancer and makes radiation work better in cervical and head and neck cancer.
A versatile chemotherapy used in pancreatic, bladder, lung, ovarian, breast and biliary cancers, in nasopharyngeal cancer, and as a bladder instillation.
A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers.
Nivolumab was the second PD-1 blocker and is often combined with ipilimumab. Long-term data show about half of advanced melanoma patients alive at 10 years on the combination.
EFS HR 0.68; OS HR 0.75.
DFS HR 0.70; OS HR 0.83 (ITT), median 75 vs 50.1 months.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Pneumonitis (any cause, PACIFIC) · vs 12.8% placebo; 1.1% fatal | 18.3% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Colitis with ipilimumab (1+3 mg/kg) · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 25% | 14.4% |
| Hepatitis with ipilimumab · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 15% | 13.4% |
| Colitis · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 2.9% | 1.7% |
| Hepatitis · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 1.8% | 1.5% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Maximal transurethral resection followed by chemoradiation, with salvage cystectomy for recurrence, in patients with unifocal tumours and no carcinoma in situ or in those unfit for surgery.
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
Drugs given with radiotherapy to make tumour cells easier to kill: cisplatin in cervical and head and neck cancer, temozolomide in glioblastoma, nimorazole for hypoxic tumours, and a new generation aimed at DNA repair.
Cisplatin is the original platinum chemotherapy, discovered by accident in 1965; it cures testicular cancer and makes radiation work better in cervical and head and neck cancer.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab (EV-302); gemcitabine-platinum followed by avelumab maintenance where the combination is unavailable.
Enfortumab vedotin is an ADC against Nectin-4 that, combined with pembrolizumab, nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer.
Pembrolizumab is a PD-1 blocking antibody approved in more than 40 settings, from melanoma and lung cancer to the first tumour-agnostic approval for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours in 2017, and before and after surgery in triple-negative breast cancer. A subcutaneous form arrived in 2025, and it is the backbone partner for ADCs and personalised neoantigen vaccines.
OS HR 0.47.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Rash · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | 68% | 15% |
| Hyperglycaemia (grade 3-4 glucose elevation) · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | - | 14% |
| Peripheral neuropathy · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | 67% | 8% |
| Fatigue · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | 51% | 6% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothyroidism (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 8% | - |
| Pneumonitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 3.4% | - |
| Colitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 1.7% | - |
| Hepatitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 0.7% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Erdafitinib for FGFR3 alterations; platinum chemotherapy or enfortumab vedotin if not given first line; clinical trials.
The first targeted pill for bladder cancer, for the roughly 20% of tumours with FGFR3 alterations, used after immunotherapy.
Enfortumab vedotin is an ADC against Nectin-4 that, combined with pembrolizumab, nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Rash · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | 68% | 15% |
| Hyperglycaemia (grade 3-4 glucose elevation) · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | - | 14% |
| Peripheral neuropathy · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | 67% | 8% |
| Fatigue · EV-302 with pembrolizumab, n=440 | 51% | 6% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.