What actually holds T cells at the tumour border?
In many tumours the immune cells are present but cannot get in. If we knew the dominant barrier, we could open the gate and make immunotherapy work for more people.
TGF-β-activated fibroblasts, ECM density, abnormal vasculature, CXCL12 gradients, and myeloid cells are all implicated; TGF-β-directed drugs have failed as monotherapy, suggesting redundancy or wrong patient selection.
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