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Black women in the United States have about twice the odds of a triple-negative diagnosis and, in the UK POSH cohort, worse survival than White women despite equal chemotherapy use. The pivotal trials enrolled few of them. Enrolment targets tied to incidence, reported by ethnicity in every primary paper, would make the evidence match the disease.
The Carolina Breast Cancer Study found basal-like tumours in 39 percent of premenopausal African American women against 16 percent of others; the US Cancer Statistics analysis of 1.15 million cases gave non-Hispanic Black women an odds ratio of 2.27 for triple-negative diagnosis; California registry data showed five-year relative survival of 14 percent for Black women with late-stage disease. In the UK, POSH found 26.1 percent triple-negative disease in Black women under 41 against 18.6 percent in White women and five-year survival of 71.1 versus 82.4 percent with chemotherapy use equal at 89 percent, so access alone does not explain the gap. The pivotal immunotherapy and antibody-drug conjugate trials report ethnicity, where they report it, in single digits for Black participants. Whether biology (BRCA1 founder variants, subtype distribution, immune environment) or care (time to treatment, dose delivery, trial access) drives the outcome gap is unresolved because the data to separate them are not collected.
The most recent national figure behind the statement that Black women in the United States have about twice the incidence of triple-negative breast cancer; trial enrolment has not matched it.
The UK's own evidence that the disparity is not only American and not only about access: within the NHS, with equal chemotherapy use, young Black women had more triple-negative disease and worse survival. It anchors the disparities idea on the triple-negative page and the UK and NHS page.
The denominator for US triple-negative disparity statistics and the origin of the 10 to 15 percent figure quoted for the subtype's share of breast cancer.
The first registry-scale description of the disparity that every later triple-negative disparity paper confirms; the phrase so-called triple-negative phenotype in the title marks the moment the term entered population science.
The paper that made race a biological as well as a social variable in triple-negative breast cancer, and the reason the US disparity is described as roughly twice the incidence in Black women; the UK POSH study later found a smaller but real excess.
Shares A UK audit of trial access and germline testing uptake in triple-negative breast cancer, Germline (hereditary) testing, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.
Shares Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, Germline (hereditary) testing, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.
Shares Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.
Shares A UK audit of trial access and germline testing uptake in triple-negative breast cancer, Germline (hereditary) testing, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.
Shares A UK audit of trial access and germline testing uptake in triple-negative breast cancer, Germline (hereditary) testing, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.
Shares Germline (hereditary) testing, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.
Shares Germline (hereditary) testing, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.
Shares Germline (hereditary) testing, Triple-negative breast cancer roadmap: from a remainder defined by three negative tests to immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and the residual disease problem, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the tag tnbc-evidence.