hallmark
No description yet: the sentence for this tag has not been written. 15 records carry it: 15 terms.
15 records
| Cancers | Other tags | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enabling characteristic: genome instability and mutation Cancers mutate faster than normal cells because their DNA repair and chromosome segregation are broken. This fuels every other hallmark. | none | none | none | ||
Enabling characteristic: tumour-promoting inflammation Chronic inflammation supplies growth factors, survival signals, and mutagens that help cancers start and grow. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark (2022): non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming Cancers can change behaviour, including becoming drug-tolerant, without any new mutation, by rewriting the chemical tags that control which genes are read. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark (2022): polymorphic microbiomes The bacteria living in and around us differ from person to person and influence cancer risk, progression, and how well treatments work. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark (2022): senescent cells Cells that have permanently stopped dividing but stay alive and secrete inflammatory signals, helping nearby cancer cells grow and resist treatment. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark (2022): unlocking phenotypic plasticity Cancer cells escape the normal rule that mature cells stay what they are: they dedifferentiate, transdifferentiate, or refuse to mature. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: activating invasion and metastasis Cancer cells detach, invade, travel, and colonise other organs, the process responsible for most cancer deaths. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: avoiding immune destruction Cancers hide from or switch off the immune system, by losing the molecules that display their antigens or by raising checkpoint brakes. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: enabling replicative immortality Cancer cells bypass the division limit set by shortening telomeres, usually by reactivating telomerase. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: evading growth suppressors Evading growth suppressors means cutting the brakes that normally stop division, p53 and RB above all. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: inducing or accessing vasculature Tumours grow their own blood supply, or co-opt existing vessels, to get oxygen and nutrients. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: reprogramming cellular metabolism Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to build biomass fast, burning glucose inefficiently and gorging on glutamine and lipids. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: resisting cell death Resisting cell death is the hallmark by which cancer cells disable their self-destruct programmes, chiefly apoptosis. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmark: sustaining proliferative signalling Cancer cells keep telling themselves to divide, by making their own growth signals or jamming the receptors on. | none | none | none | ||
Hallmarks of Cancer The Hallmarks of Cancer is the most-cited framework in cancer biology: a short list of the capabilities every cancer must acquire, from unlimited growth to hiding from the immune system. The 2022 update lists eight hallmarks, two enabling characteristics, and four new dimensions. | none | none | none |