Endoscopy (EGD, EUS, ERCP)
Looking inside a hollow organ with a camera on a flexible tube, taking biopsies and sometimes treating on the spot.
Upper endoscopy diagnoses and surveils oesophageal and gastric cancer and Barrett's; endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) images the wall layers and nearby nodes and guides fine-needle biopsy of pancreatic masses; ERCP cannulates the bile duct to biopsy and place stents in obstructive jaundice; cystoscopy is the equivalent for the bladder. Lugol chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging highlight early squamous and Barrett's neoplasia. Population endoscopic screening is standard in Japan and Korea for gastric cancer.
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