Malignant pleural effusion and ascites
Fluid that builds up around the lung (pleural effusion) or in the abdomen (ascites) because cancer cells irritate the lining and block lymph drainage; it causes breathlessness or a swollen, tight belly.
Both are signs of advanced disease (stage IV in lung cancer; a criterion in Child-Pugh and BCLC for liver cancer) and both are diagnosed and relieved by draining the fluid, which can also be sent for cytology and ctDNA. Repeated drainage, indwelling catheters, pleurodesis and, for ascites, diuretics or intraperitoneal therapy are the management options; effective systemic treatment of the cancer is what stops the fluid re-forming. Ovarian cancer classically presents with ascites.
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