Cytokines
A signalling protein and the engineering that tames it: PEGylation for half-life, Fc fusion, receptor bias, an antibody to aim it at the tumour. The grid below is cytokine against engineering: 4 by 5 from 8 medicines, 4 combinations approved, 1 in development, 2 tried and stopped, 14 untried in this corpus.
Every tried combination
| Medicines | Records | Stopped, and why | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interferon alfa | PEGylated | Approved | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | |||
| Interferon alfa | Recombinant wild-type | Tried and stopped | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Interleukin-2 | PEGylated | Tried and stopped | 0 | 0 | 1 | Bempegaldesleukin was a re-engineered interleukin-2 meant to be a safer version of a famous old immunotherapy. It added nothing to nivolumab in three phase 3 t… | |||
| Interleukin-2 | Immunocytokine (antibody-aimed) | In development | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | ||
| Interleukin-2 | Engineering not recorded | Approved | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | ||
| Interleukin-15 | Superagonist complex | Approved | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | ||
| Tumour necrosis factor alfa | Local delivery | Approved | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
Stopped, and why
2 medicines recorded as stopped; 3 recorded reasons, including stopped studies of medicines still in development- BempegaldesleukinTried and stopped
Bempegaldesleukin was a re-engineered interleukin-2 meant to be a safer version of a famous old immunotherapy. It added nothing to nivolumab in three phase 3 trials.
- Interferon alfa-2a/2bTried and stopped
Interferon alfa was the first biologic cancer drug (1986). It treated hairy cell leukaemia, CML, melanoma, kidney cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, and has been replaced almost everywhere by better-tolerated agents.
- Interferon alfa-2a/2bTried and stopped
Poor responders: EFS HR 0.98 for MAPIE vs MAP, more toxicity. Good responders: no EFS benefit from interferon.
EURAMOS-1: phase 3, negative · trial record
Not placed
5 of 13 medicines in this format (38%)These medicines belong to the format but their cytokine is on no record the engine reads: the targets field is empty, the target lists no such drug, the trials linked to it name no target of its own, and the modality, mechanism and summary text name none the corpus knows. They are listed here rather than placed by guesswork; adding the cytokine to the record puts them in the grid on the next build.
How this grid is read from the records
Each medicine's parts come from its own record: the targets field first, else the target records that list the medicine, else a sibling conjugate that shares its antibody name, else the trials linked to it, else the target names the corpus knows found in its modality, mechanism or summary text. The second part is read from the medicine's technology links first and from its modality and mechanism text second; a part no record names is shown as not recorded. Every part carries the fields it was read from and a confidence in the JSON file.
What the states mean, and do not
Approved: a medicine in the cell has an approval row or a regulator's approved entry and is not recorded as withdrawn. In development: a recruiting, active or planned trial, a development-phase record status, or active studies in the ClinicalTrials.gov index, and no approval. Tried and stopped: every medicine in the cell is withdrawn, negative or historic, or its only trial evidence is a terminated, withdrawn or negative study, or its approval was withdrawn. Untried: no medicine in this corpus combines the two parts.
A cell is coloured by its strongest medicine; the table shows each medicine with its own state. The reasons quoted under Stopped, and why are the records' words, including the registry's whyStopped text where the sponsor wrote one, and include stopped studies of medicines that are still in development elsewhere. Nothing here is medical advice.