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21 treatment settings, 19 with more than one named option. Each section lays out the options the standard of care names, what each is for, the trials behind them with their recorded results, the side effects and cautions on record, and questions to ask. Built from the cancer page's standard-of-care rows; nothing here is advice for your case.
Annual low-dose CT for high-risk smokers (NLST, NELSON); AI nodule scoring emerging.
A CT scan is a fast 3D X-ray that shows the size and shape of tumours and whether they have spread.
Software that reads scans alongside radiologists, catching cancers earlier and predicting who is at risk.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Surgery or SBRT; perioperative chemo-immunotherapy; adjuvant osimertinib (EGFR) or alectinib (ALK).
Stereotactic body radiotherapy converges multiple beams with sub-millimetre accuracy to deliver tumour-destroying doses in one to five outpatient sessions, doing the job of surgery for inoperable early lung cancer and for metastases in liver, spine and brain. Tumour size and location limit its use, and late toxicity is a concern near the central airways.
Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.
OS HR 0.49.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Decreased appetite · FLAURA | 20% | 2.5% |
| Diarrhoea · FLAURA | 58% | 2.2% |
| Fatigue · FLAURA | 21% | 1.4% |
| Rash · FLAURA | 58% | 1.1% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Chemoradiation → durvalumab (PACIFIC) or osimertinib (LAURA, EGFR).
A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers.
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Pneumonitis (any cause, PACIFIC) · vs 12.8% placebo; 1.1% fatal | 18.3% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Matched TKI or bispecific; ADCs after progression.
Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.
A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR and its escape partner MET, now first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with lazertinib.
An ALK inhibitor with the longest disease control ever recorded for a targeted lung cancer pill: 60% progression-free at five years.
Selpercatinib is a selective RET inhibitor approved for any tumour with a RET fusion, with a further label update in July 2026.
Zongertinib was the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer with HER2 mutations, approved in 2025 and moved to first line in 2026.
Sotorasib (Lumakras) was the first drug to hit KRAS, approved in 2021 after four decades of failure.
Datopotamab deruxtecan (Datroway) is the second TROP2 ADC and shares Enhertu's payload. In 2026 it became a first-line option for triple-negative breast cancer patients who cannot receive immunotherapy.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Decreased appetite · FLAURA | 20% | 2.5% |
| Diarrhoea · FLAURA | 58% | 2.2% |
| Fatigue · FLAURA | 21% | 1.4% |
| Rash · FLAURA | 58% | 1.1% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Rash · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 86% | 26% |
| Nail toxicity · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 71% | 11% |
| Venous thromboembolism · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 36% | 11% |
| Infusion-related reaction · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 63% | 6% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatotoxicity · CodeBreaK 100 | 25% | 12% |
| Interstitial lung disease · CodeBreaK 100 | 2.2% | 1.1% |
| Diarrhoea · CodeBreaK 100 | 42% | - |
| Musculoskeletal pain · CodeBreaK 100 | 35% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Stomatitis · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 59% | 7% |
| Fatigue · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 44% | 4.2% |
| Nausea · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 56% | 1.4% |
| Keratitis · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 24% | 1.1% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
PD-(L)1 ± chemotherapy; docetaxel or ADC/TTFields second line.
Pembrolizumab is a PD-1 blocking antibody approved in more than 40 settings, from melanoma and lung cancer to the first tumour-agnostic approval for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours in 2017, and before and after surgery in triple-negative breast cancer. A subcutaneous form arrived in 2025, and it is the backbone partner for ADCs and personalised neoantigen vaccines.
Nivolumab was the second PD-1 blocker and is often combined with ipilimumab. Long-term data show about half of advanced melanoma patients alive at 10 years on the combination.
Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothyroidism (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 8% | - |
| Pneumonitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 3.4% | - |
| Colitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 1.7% | - |
| Hepatitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 0.7% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Colitis with ipilimumab (1+3 mg/kg) · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 25% | 14.4% |
| Hepatitis with ipilimumab · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 15% | 13.4% |
| Colitis · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 2.9% | 1.7% |
| Hepatitis · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 1.8% | 1.5% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Annual low-dose CT with Lung-RADS reporting; AI nodule scoring emerging; robotic bronchoscopy for peripheral nodule biopsy.
A yearly low-radiation CT scan for current and former heavy smokers that finds lung cancer early enough to cure it.
A robot-guided flexible scope that reaches small lung nodules through the airways to biopsy them without a needle through the chest wall.
Software that reads scans alongside radiologists, catching cancers earlier and predicting who is at risk.
Averages across everyone diagnosed, often years ago. Your stage, subtype, age, fitness and the treatment you receive matter more than the average, and the numbers are improving quickly.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Lobectomy or segmentectomy (small peripheral) with nodal staging; SBRT if inoperable. Stage IB-IIIA: neoadjuvant chemo-IO (CheckMate 816) or perioperative chemo-IO (KEYNOTE-671); adjuvant osimertinib if EGFR-mutant (ADAURA), alectinib if ALK-positive (ALINA); adjuvant chemotherapy otherwise for stage II+.
Surgeons operate through small incisions using robotic arms with tremor-free precision and 3D vision.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy converges multiple beams with sub-millimetre accuracy to deliver tumour-destroying doses in one to five outpatient sessions, doing the job of surgery for inoperable early lung cancer and for metastases in liver, spine and brain. Tumour size and location limit its use, and late toxicity is a concern near the central airways.
Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.
Alectinib is a well-tolerated ALK pill, standard first line for years and, since 2024, the first targeted therapy given after surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer.
EFS HR 0.63; OS HR 0.72.
EFS HR 0.58; OS HR 0.72.
OS HR 0.49.
DFS HR 0.24.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Decreased appetite · FLAURA | 20% | 2.5% |
| Diarrhoea · FLAURA | 58% | 2.2% |
| Fatigue · FLAURA | 21% | 1.4% |
| Rash · FLAURA | 58% | 1.1% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Concurrent platinum chemoradiation → durvalumab 1 year (PACIFIC), or osimertinib until progression if EGFR-mutant (LAURA). Proton therapy in selected cases.
IMRT and IGRT shape the radiation beam to the tumour's outline from multiple angles and check the patient's position with a scan before every session, so surrounding organs receive less dose. Fewer, larger doses are now standard in breast and prostate cancer, but a low-dose bath still spreads across normal tissue.
A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers.
Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.
Radiation using protons, which stop inside the tumour instead of passing through, so tissue behind it gets no dose.
Averages across everyone diagnosed, often years ago. Your stage, subtype, age, fitness and the treatment you receive matter more than the average, and the numbers are improving quickly.
PFS HR 0.16.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Pneumonitis (any cause, PACIFIC) · vs 12.8% placebo; 1.1% fatal | 18.3% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Decreased appetite · FLAURA | 20% | 2.5% |
| Diarrhoea · FLAURA | 58% | 2.2% |
| Fatigue · FLAURA | 21% | 1.4% |
| Rash · FLAURA | 58% | 1.1% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
First line: osimertinib ± platinum-pemetrexed (FLAURA2) or amivantamab + lazertinib (MARIPOSA, OS benefit). Progression: re-biopsy/ctDNA; amivantamab + chemotherapy (MARIPOSA-2), Dato-DXd (TROPION-Lung05), platinum doublet; MET TKI add-on if MET-amplified; platinum-etoposide if small-cell transformation.
Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.
A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR and its escape partner MET, now first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with lazertinib.
A third-generation EGFR pill used together with amivantamab as the first regimen to beat osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer.
Datopotamab deruxtecan (Datroway) is the second TROP2 ADC and shares Enhertu's payload. In 2026 it became a first-line option for triple-negative breast cancer patients who cannot receive immunotherapy.
PFS HR 0.62; OS HR 0.77.
PFS HR 0.70; OS HR 0.75.
ORR 43.6% in EGFR-mutant disease.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Decreased appetite · FLAURA | 20% | 2.5% |
| Diarrhoea · FLAURA | 58% | 2.2% |
| Fatigue · FLAURA | 21% | 1.4% |
| Rash · FLAURA | 58% | 1.1% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Rash · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 86% | 26% |
| Nail toxicity · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 71% | 11% |
| Venous thromboembolism · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 36% | 11% |
| Infusion-related reaction · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 63% | 6% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Stomatitis · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 59% | 7% |
| Fatigue · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 44% | 4.2% |
| Nausea · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 56% | 1.4% |
| Keratitis · TROPION-Breast01, n=360 | 24% | 1.1% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Amivantamab + platinum-pemetrexed (PAPILLON); sunvozertinib later line.
A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR and its escape partner MET, now first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with lazertinib.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Rash · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 86% | 26% |
| Nail toxicity · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 71% | 11% |
| Venous thromboembolism · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 36% | 11% |
| Infusion-related reaction · MARIPOSA, with lazertinib | 63% | 6% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Lorlatinib (CROWN; 5-year PFS 60%) or alectinib first line; on progression, neladalkib (under review) or lorlatinib if not used; local therapy for oligoprogression; chemotherapy.
An ALK inhibitor with the longest disease control ever recorded for a targeted lung cancer pill: 60% progression-free at five years.
Alectinib is a well-tolerated ALK pill, standard first line for years and, since 2024, the first targeted therapy given after surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer.
A fourth-generation ALK pill that works after lorlatinib and avoids the TRK-related brain side effects; under FDA priority review with a decision due 27 November 2026.
Averages across everyone diagnosed, often years ago. Your stage, subtype, age, fitness and the treatment you receive matter more than the average, and the numbers are improving quickly.
ORR 31% in heavily pretreated ALK+ NSCLC; NDA under priority review.
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Repotrectinib or zidesamtinib (2026) first line; entrectinib/crizotinib alternatives.
A ROS1 and NTRK pill that also works after other ROS1 drugs fail, with dizziness as its signature side effect.
A ROS1 inhibitor approved in July 2026 that works after other ROS1 drugs fail and avoids their brain side effects.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
No side-effect rates or interaction flags are recorded for these options yet. The side-effect lookup and interaction checker cover the products that have them.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
First line: PD-(L)1 ± chemotherapy by PD-L1 (G12C inhibitor + IO combinations in phase 3: olomorasib SUNRAY-01, divarasib Krascendo 2). Second line: sotorasib or adagrasib (CodeBreaK 200, KRYSTAL-12); divarasib superior head-to-head (Krascendo 1, 2026).
Sotorasib (Lumakras) was the first drug to hit KRAS, approved in 2021 after four decades of failure.
Adagrasib was the second KRAS G12C inhibitor, with a long half-life and brain penetration, and is approved in lung and colorectal cancer.
Divarasib is Roche's KRAS G12C pill, the first to beat the two approved KRAS drugs head-to-head (July 2026).
Olomorasib is Lilly's KRAS G12C pill, designed to combine safely with immunotherapy in first-line lung cancer.
Drugs against the most common cancer gene, considered impossible to target until sotorasib in 2021.
PFS HR 0.66; OS HR 1.01.
PFS HR 0.58.
Superior PFS and OS vs approved G12C inhibitors (topline, July 2026).
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatotoxicity · CodeBreaK 100 | 25% | 12% |
| Interstitial lung disease · CodeBreaK 100 | 2.2% | 1.1% |
| Diarrhoea · CodeBreaK 100 | 42% | - |
| Musculoskeletal pain · CodeBreaK 100 | 35% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatotoxicity · KRYSTAL-1 NSCLC | 37% | 10% |
| Dyspnoea · KRYSTAL-1 NSCLC | 35% | 10% |
| Fatigue · KRYSTAL-1 NSCLC | 59% | 7% |
| Musculoskeletal pain · KRYSTAL-1 NSCLC | 41% | 7% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Dabrafenib + trametinib or encorafenib + binimetinib first line; chemo-IO as alternative.
Dabrafenib plus trametinib is the BRAF-plus-MEK pill combination, approved for BRAF V600E lung cancer and, since 2022, for any solid tumour with that mutation.
Encorafenib is a BRAF inhibitor that, with cetuximab and chemotherapy, became first-line standard for BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer in 2026.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Capmatinib or tepotinib first line; telisotuzumab vedotin for c-Met-overexpressing EGFR-wild-type disease after chemotherapy (accelerated 2025).
Capmatinib and tepotinib are two pills for the roughly 3% of lung cancers with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation.
Telisotuzumab vedotin (Emrelis) is the first c-MET-directed ADC, approved in 2025 for lung cancer with high c-MET protein.
No headline result recorded yet.
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Selpercatinib first line (LIBRETTO-431); pralsetinib alternative.
Selpercatinib is a selective RET inhibitor approved for any tumour with a RET fusion, with a further label update in July 2026.
Pralsetinib is the second selective RET pill for lung cancer, less used than selpercatinib after a change of owner and label.
PFS HR 0.46.
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First line: zongertinib (2026) or chemo-IO; sevabertinib (Nov 2025) or T-DXd after prior therapy.
Zongertinib was the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer with HER2 mutations, approved in 2025 and moved to first line in 2026.
Sevabertinib is an oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancers with HER2 mutations, approved in November 2025 as an alternative to Enhertu and zongertinib.
Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) is the most successful ADC ever. It redefined HER2 by working in tumours with only tiny amounts of the protein, and in 2026 moved into early-stage breast cancer.
ORR ~64%; accelerated approval Nov 2025.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Neutropenia · DESTINY-Breast03/04; all-grade rates ≥20% per label | - | 18% |
| Nausea · DESTINY-Breast03/04; all-grade rates ≥20% per label | - | 7% |
| Anaemia · DESTINY-Breast03/04; all-grade rates ≥20% per label | - | 7% |
| Fatigue · DESTINY-Breast03/04; all-grade rates ≥20% per label | - | 6% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Larotrectinib, entrectinib, or repotrectinib (tumour-agnostic).
A ROS1 and NTRK pill that also works after other ROS1 drugs fail, with dizziness as its signature side effect.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
No side-effect rates or interaction flags are recorded for these options yet. The side-effect lookup and interaction checker cover the products that have them.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-024) or cemiplimab monotherapy; add chemotherapy for high burden or rapid progression. Ivonescimab beat pembrolizumab in China (HARMONi-2); not approved in the US.
Pembrolizumab is a PD-1 blocking antibody approved in more than 40 settings, from melanoma and lung cancer to the first tumour-agnostic approval for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours in 2017, and before and after surgery in triple-negative breast cancer. A subcutaneous form arrived in 2025, and it is the backbone partner for ADCs and personalised neoantigen vaccines.
A PD-1 blocker that is the standard for advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma, and in 2025 became the first adjuvant immunotherapy for it.
A Chinese bispecific that beat Keytruda head-to-head on progression-free survival in lung cancer, the first drug ever to do so.
Averages across everyone diagnosed, often years ago. Your stage, subtype, age, fitness and the treatment you receive matter more than the average, and the numbers are improving quickly.
PFS HR 0.51; OS statistically significant (2026 announcement).
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothyroidism (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 8% | - |
| Pneumonitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 3.4% | - |
| Colitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 1.7% | - |
| Hepatitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 0.7% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.
Pembrolizumab + platinum doublet (KEYNOTE-189 non-squamous; KEYNOTE-407 squamous); nivolumab + ipilimumab ± chemotherapy; tremelimumab + durvalumab + chemotherapy for PD-L1-negative or STK11/KEAP1-altered disease. Second line: docetaxel ± ramucirumab, TTFields, or trials of ADCs.
Pembrolizumab is a PD-1 blocking antibody approved in more than 40 settings, from melanoma and lung cancer to the first tumour-agnostic approval for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours in 2017, and before and after surgery in triple-negative breast cancer. A subcutaneous form arrived in 2025, and it is the backbone partner for ADCs and personalised neoantigen vaccines.
Nivolumab was the second PD-1 blocker and is often combined with ipilimumab. Long-term data show about half of advanced melanoma patients alive at 10 years on the combination.
Ipilimumab was the first checkpoint inhibitor (2011), and proved the immune system could be unleashed against cancer.
Tremelimumab is AstraZeneca's CTLA-4 antibody, given as a single priming dose with durvalumab and chemotherapy in lung and liver cancer.
A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers.
Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer.
No trial record is attached to this row yet. The trials tab lists what is recruiting and the landmark trials for this cancer.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothyroidism (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 8% | - |
| Pneumonitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 3.4% | - |
| Colitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 1.7% | - |
| Hepatitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 0.7% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Colitis with ipilimumab (1+3 mg/kg) · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 25% | 14.4% |
| Hepatitis with ipilimumab · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 15% | 13.4% |
| Colitis · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 2.9% | 1.7% |
| Hepatitis · Monotherapy pooled unless stated | 1.8% | 1.5% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Colitis (with nivolumab 1+3) · Nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg, melanoma | 25% | 14.4% |
| Hepatitis (with nivolumab) · Nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg, melanoma | 15% | 13.4% |
| Rash (with nivolumab) · Nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg, melanoma | 28% | 4.8% |
| Adrenal insufficiency (with nivolumab) · Nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg, melanoma | 8% | 2.6% |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Pneumonitis (any cause, PACIFIC) · vs 12.8% placebo; 1.1% fatal | 18.3% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
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Pembrolizumab + carboplatin + (nab-)paclitaxel (KEYNOTE-407); no ADC approved (TROPION-Lung01 showed no benefit in squamous); ivonescimab + chemotherapy under study (HARMONi-3).
Pembrolizumab is a PD-1 blocking antibody approved in more than 40 settings, from melanoma and lung cancer to the first tumour-agnostic approval for mismatch-repair-deficient tumours in 2017, and before and after surgery in triple-negative breast cancer. A subcutaneous form arrived in 2025, and it is the backbone partner for ADCs and personalised neoantigen vaccines.
A microtubule poison discovered in the Pacific yew tree, among the most used chemotherapies in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.
Carboplatin is a platinum chemotherapy that crosslinks DNA; it is part of the standard pre-surgery regimen for triple-negative breast cancer.
PFS HR 0.75; OS HR 0.94.
Interim PFS not statistically significant (May 2026); final readouts pending.
| Side effect | Any grade | Grade 3+ |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothyroidism (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 8% | - |
| Pneumonitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 3.4% | - |
| Colitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 1.7% | - |
| Hepatitis (immune-mediated) · Pooled monotherapy data, >2,800 patients | 0.7% | - |
Rates from the label or pivotal trial as recorded on the product page; each grade 3+ figure links to its source.
Add these to your appointment list, or take the full question set for this cancer.