Immunotherapy response and its prediction

Cancer immunotherapy stimulates the immune system to treat cancer (Wikipedia). Only a minority of patients respond to checkpoint inhibitors, and the approved predictors (PD-L1 staining, mismatch repair deficiency, tumour mutational burden) are imperfect, so pathology and multimodal foundation models are trained to predict benefit from slides, sequencing and clinical data; MUSK reported such a task. Response is defined by imaging criteria at set time points, which makes the label noisy.