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Thymoma has long been staged by the Masaoka-Koga system, which asks whether the tumour has broken through its capsule and into nearby organs; TNM staging from the IASLC and ITMIG is the newer standard.
In the NCI's health professional summary, the Masaoka staging system of 1981, modified by Koga in 1994, is the most commonly used and is recommended by ITMIG: stage I, completely encapsulated with no capsular invasion under the microscope; II, invasion into surrounding fat or mediastinal pleura, or microscopic invasion into the capsule; III, invasion into neighbouring organs (pericardium, lung, great vessels); IVa, pleural or pericardial spread; IVb, spread through lymph or blood. For consistency the AJCC and UICC adopted a TNM system developed by the IASLC and ITMIG; AJCC chapter 35 (thymus) has a Version 9 protocol for 2025 in the AJCC 2026 table.
Central tumours arise in the large airways, peripheral ones in the alveoli; both drain to hilar then mediastinal nodes, and the pleural lining is a separate cancer site.
Same organ: Mediastinal germ cell tumour, Pleuropulmonary blastoma (types I, Ir, II and III), Type A and type AB thymoma, Type B1 and type B2 thymoma, Type B3 thymoma, Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma, Adenocarcinoma of the lung, Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, Large cell carcinoma of the lung, Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung, Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung, Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung, Adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung, Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the lung, Pulmonary blastoma (adult), Non-small-cell lung cancer, Lung cancer (all types), Small-cell lung cancer, Mesothelioma, Pleural mesothelioma, Thymoma and thymic carcinoma, Childhood lung and airway tumours (pleuropulmonary blastoma, tracheobronchial tumours), Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT), EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer, ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer, KRAS G12C-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer, ROS1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer, MET exon 14 and MET-amplified non-small-cell lung cancer, RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer, BRAF V600E-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer, HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer, NTRK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer, PD-L1-high non-small-cell lung cancer without a driver mutation, Resectable stage I to III non-small-cell lung cancer, Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer, Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer, Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer, Lung neuroendocrine tumours (typical and atypical carcinoid), Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung, Thymic carcinoma
Showing the organ this term concerns: Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3).
Shares Thymic carcinoma, Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3), Thymoma and thymic carcinoma.
Shares AJCC Version 9 staging, Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC), TNM staging.
Shares AJCC Version 9 staging, Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC), TNM staging.
Shares AJCC Version 9 staging, Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC), TNM staging.
Shares AJCC Version 9 staging, Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC), TNM staging.
Shares AJCC Version 9 staging, Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC), TNM staging.
Shares Thymic carcinoma, Thymoma (WHO types A, AB, B1, B2 and B3), Thymoma and thymic carcinoma.
Shares AJCC Version 9 staging, Disease-specific staging and risk systems (FIGO, Ann Arbor, IPI, R-ISS, ELN, IMDC).
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