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Cells without an engineered receptor: tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, cord blood grafts and virus-specific T cells, from the patient or from a donor. The corpus holds 10 other cell therapies medicines: 6 approved, 1 in phase 3, 12 trials recruiting, 9 companies named. Every section below says which records it was read from.
From 1 record:TIL therapy
Immune cells that have already found their way into the tumour are harvested, grown to billions, and returned.
Surgical harvest → ex vivo expansion of polyclonal tumour-reactive T cells with IL-2 → lymphodepletion → infusion with IL-2 support.
TermsMRD-negative complete remissionELN 2022 risk classification
From 10 records:Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2)CD19 t-haNKDorocubicel (UM171-expanded cord blood)GC101 TILLifileucelOmidubicelRemestemcel-LTabelecleuceland 2 more in the JSON
Cell type against cell source, 5 by 2. Open the grid, where every cell links to its medicines and the records behind its state.
From 6 records:Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2)TabelecleucelOmidubicelLifileucelRemestemcel-LDorocubicel (UM171-expanded cord blood)
Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) Proleukin | NK cell | 1992 | US | approved | ||
| Tabelecleucel | Virus-specific T cells | 2022 | EU | approved | ||
Omidubicel Omisirge | Cord blood stem cells | 2023 | US | approved | ||
Lifileucel Amtagvi | Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes | 2024 | US | approved | ||
Remestemcel-L Ryoncil | Mesenchymal stromal cells | - | 2024 | US | approved | |
| Cord blood stem cells | 2025 | EU | approved |
From 1 record:TARA-002
| Target | Phase 3 trials here | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TARA-002 | - | 3 | phase 3 |
From 10 records:Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2)CD19 t-haNKDorocubicel (UM171-expanded cord blood)GC101 TILLifileucelOmidubicelRemestemcel-LTabelecleuceland 2 more in the JSON
From 9 records:Iovance BiotherapeuticsAtara BiotherapeuticsExCellTheraGamida CellMesoblastPierre FabreImmunityBioProtara Therapeuticsand 1 more in the JSON
| Company | Type | Medicines | Approved | Phase 3 | Which |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iovance Biotherapeutics US | cell therapy | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Atara Biotherapeutics US | cell therapy | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| ExCellThera CA | cell therapy | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Gamida Cell US | cell therapy | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Mesoblast AU | cell therapy | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Pierre Fabre FR | pharma | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| ImmunityBio US | biotech | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Protara Therapeutics US | biotech | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Shanghai Juncell Therapeutics CN | cell therapy | 1 | 0 | 0 |
From 12 records:A Phase 3 Study of Tabelecleucel for Participants With Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease After FailuEfficacy and Safety of Intravesical TARA-002 Compared With Investigator's Choice of Intravesical Chemotherapy in Participants With BCG-naïve High-grade Non-muscle Invasive Bladder CancerA Modular, Phase I/II, Multicentre Study to Evaluate AZD4045, in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple MyelomaA Phase II Study of GC101 in NSCLCA Study of GC101 TIL in Advanced MelanomaA Study of Lifileucel (Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes) in Adults With Advanced Endometrial Cancer.Anti-NY-ESO-1 TCR-Gene Engineered Lymphocytes Given by Infusion to Patients With NY-ESO-1 -Expressing Metastatic CancersIDP-023 as a Single Agent and in Combination With Antibody Therapies in Patients With Advanced Hematologic Cancersand 4 more in the JSON
| Registry | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Phase 3 Study of Tabelecleucel for Participants With Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease After Failu Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase 3 Study of Tabelecleucel for Solid Organ or Allogeneic Hem… | Phase 3 | Pierre Fabre Medicament | 115 | NCT03394365 | ||
Efficacy and Safety of Intravesical TARA-002 Compared With Investigator's Choice of Intravesical Chemotherapy in Participants With BCG-naïve High-grade Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer A Phase 3, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravesical TARA-002… | Phase 3 | Protara Therapeutics | 284 | NCT07480356 | ||
A Modular, Phase I/II, Multicentre Study to Evaluate AZD4045, in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma A Modular, Phase I/II, Open-label, Multicentre Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability… | Phase 1/2 | AstraZeneca | 101 | NCT07681596 | ||
A Phase II Study of GC101 in NSCLC An Open-Label, Phase II Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy Using Autologous Tumor… | Phase 2 | Shanghai Juncell Therapeutics | 28 | NCT07560111 | ||
A Study of GC101 TIL in Advanced Melanoma A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled,Open Label, Phase II Trial of Autologous Tumor Infi… | Phase 2 | Shanghai Juncell Therapeutics | 98 | NCT06703398 | ||
A Study of Lifileucel (Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes) in Adults With Advanced Endometrial Cancer. A Phase 2, Multicenter, Open-label Study of Lifileucel (Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes [T… | Phase 2 | Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. | 60 | NCT06481592 | ||
Anti-NY-ESO-1 TCR-Gene Engineered Lymphocytes Given by Infusion to Patients With NY-ESO-1 -Expressing Metastatic Cancers A Phase I/II Dose Escalation, Safety and Efficacy Study of Anti-NY-ESO-1 T Cell Receptor… | Phase 1/2 | Hadassah Medical Organization | 3 | NCT05296564 | ||
IDP-023 as a Single Agent and in Combination With Antibody Therapies in Patients With Advanced Hematologic Cancers Phase 1/2 Study of IDP-023 as a Single Agent and in Combination With Antibody Therapies i… | Phase 1/2 | Indapta Therapeutics, INC. | 128 | NCT06119685 | ||
Safety and Efficacy Study of Intravesical Instillation of TARA-002 in Adults With High-grade Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer A Phase 2, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Intravesical Instillat… | Phase 2 | Protara Therapeutics | 131 | NCT05951179 | ||
Study of AU-007, A Monoclonal Antibody That Binds to IL-2 and Inhibits IL-2Rα Binding, in Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Ca A Phase 1/2, First-in-Human, Open Label, Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of AU-007, A… | Phase 1/2 | Aulos Bioscience, Inc. | 159 | NCT05267626 | ||
Study of Relapsed/ Refractory B-cell Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma Open Label, Phase 2 Study of CD19 t-haNK and N-803 in Combination With Rituximab in Parti… | Phase 2 | ImmunityBio, Inc. | 20 | NCT07125872 | ||
TIL Gean Therapy Combined With Immunotherapy for Advanced or Metastatic Refractory Breast Cancer Efficacy and Safety of Autologous Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) Therapy Combined W… | Phase 1/2 | Essen Biotech | 85 | NCT06532812 |
From no record yet:
No Side effects term is linked from this format's records.
From no record yet:
The resistance atlas records no class whose exemplars are medicines of this format.
From 18 records:TIL therapyNK cell therapy and CAR-NKVirus-specific T cellsGamma-delta T cell therapyAllogeneic (off-the-shelf) cell therapyAllogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of dosesAllogeneic donor and iPSC master cell banksAllogeneic stem cell transplantationand 10 more in the JSON
QuANTUM-First: quizartinib added to intensive chemotherapy and continued as maintenance in newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD AML Adding the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib to standard chemotherapy, and continuing it for up to three years, roughly doubled median survival in… | 2,023 | The Lancet | rct | |
Rohaas 2022: the first randomised trial of TIL therapy, against ipilimumab, in advanced melanoma In a head-to-head trial, tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy halved the risk of progression compared with ipilimumab in melanoma that ha… | 2,022 | New England Journal of Medicine | rct | |
C-144-01: lifileucel, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes grown from a patient's own tumour, in melanoma after checkpoint inhibitors have failed Immune cells harvested from a patient's tumour, expanded in the lab and reinfused shrank melanoma in 36% of patients whose disease had prog… | 2,021 | Journal of Clinical Oncology | translational | |
'Off-the-shelf' allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges Paper cited by one technology page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 31900462 and published in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery; the cit… | 2,020 | Nature Reviews Drug Discovery | review | |
A phase 3, single-arm, prospective study of remestemcel-L, ex vivo culture-expanded adult human mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of pediatric patients who failed to respond to steroid treatment for acute graft-versus-host disease The primary report of MSB-GVHD001: seven in ten children with steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease responded to remestemcel-L… | 2,020 | Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation | observational | |
UCART19: the first gene-edited, donor-derived CAR-T cells in children and adults with relapsed B-cell ALL Off-the-shelf CAR-T cells made from a healthy donor, gene-edited to avoid rejection and graft-versus-host disease, produced remission in 14… | 2,020 | The Lancet | translational | |
ADMIRAL: gilteritinib pills versus chemotherapy for relapsed FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia An oral FLT3 inhibitor extended survival compared with salvage chemotherapy in relapsed AML with a FLT3 mutation, doubling the remission ra… | 2,019 | New England Journal of Medicine | rct | |
INO-VATE: inotuzumab ozogamicin, a CD22 antibody-drug conjugate, versus chemotherapy for relapsed adult B-cell ALL A CD22 antibody-drug conjugate produced complete remission in 81% of adults with relapsed ALL compared with 29% on chemotherapy, at the cos… | 2,016 | New England Journal of Medicine | rct | |
Improved leukemia-free survival after postconsolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 in acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized phase 3 trial The primary report of Study 0201: adding histamine dihydrochloride to low-dose interleukin-2 after consolidation improved leukaemia-free su… | 2,006 | Blood | rct |
From 3 records:Cell therapy roadmap: CD19 CAR-T → solid tumours → in vivo CARImmunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunityPaths to cures: interception, eradication, control
From 18 records:TIL therapyNK cell therapy and CAR-NKVirus-specific T cellsGamma-delta T cell therapyAllogeneic (off-the-shelf) cell therapyAllogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of dosesAllogeneic donor and iPSC master cell banksAllogeneic stem cell transplantationand 10 more in the JSON
MRD-guided transplant decisions in intermediate-risk AML Use ultra-sensitive residual-disease tests after induction to decide who really needs a transplant, sparing the rest its risks. | Being tested at scale | |
Transplant-free Ph-positive ALL for MRD-negative adults If a pill plus immunotherapy makes the leukaemia undetectable, can most adults safely skip a bone-marrow transplant? | Being tested at scale | |
Hospital-based CAR-T manufacturing at cost through a public network Academic hospitals can already make CAR-T cells for a fraction of the commercial price. A public network would scale that so more patients can be treated for l… | Early clinical | |
Hospital-exemption cell therapies at scale, backed by a shared registry European law already lets hospitals make advanced therapies for their own patients. Pair that with a shared outcomes registry so academic CAR-Ts and similar tr… | Early clinical | |
Non-viral CAR-T (transposon or CRISPR knock-in) as the default manufacturing route Putting the CAR gene into T cells without a virus removes the most expensive and delay-prone ingredient. Test whether non-viral products match viral ones. | Early clinical | |
Plan the second CAR-T target before the first one is lost Cell therapies fail when the tumour stops showing the marker they were built to find. Preparing an alternative product in advance would let doctors switch quic… | Early clinical | |
Public cell-therapy foundries at cancer centres for academics and start-ups Building a cell-therapy factory costs tens of millions, so most good academic ideas never reach patients. Shared public facilities would give them a route to t… | Early clinical | |
Qualify one iPSC master cell bank once for many off-the-shelf cell products Cell therapies made from a single stem cell line could be produced in bulk. Regulators should let companies certify the parent cell line once rather than repea… | Early clinical | |
Shared modular GMP facilities for academic personalised vaccines and cell products Personalised cancer vaccines and cell therapies need a manufacturing run for each patient, and universities cannot afford their own plants. Regional closed, au… | Early clinical | |
Vaccines aimed only at mutations shared by every tumour cell Personal cancer vaccines target a list of mutations, some present in only part of the tumour, so the tumour can escape by losing them. Restricting vaccines and… | Early clinical | |
Digital batch records and AI process control to halve cell therapy batch failures Autologous cell therapy batches fail more often than any other medicine because each patient's starting cells behave differently and the process runs without f… | Preclinical evidence | |
Grow tumour organoids together with the patient's own immune cells Lab-grown mini-tumours usually contain only cancer cells. Adding the patient's own immune cells lets researchers test immunotherapy outside the body. | Preclinical evidence | |
Off-the-shelf natural killer cells to sweep up residual disease Donor immune cells that need no matching could be given as short courses to clear the few cancer cells left after surgery, when the target is smallest. | Preclinical evidence | |
Select patients for cell therapy by whether their tumour holds reactive T cells Growing a patient's own tumour-fighting cells only works if those cells are there to start with. A test for them would spare futile treatment. | Preclinical evidence | |
An open interoperability standard for closed automated cell-processing machines Each cell-therapy machine uses its own proprietary process and cartridges. A common standard would let a process run on any machine, like a document opening in… | Speculative | |
Use patient organoids to check a cell therapy will work before infusing it Cell therapies are tested for purity and count, but not for whether they can actually kill that patient's tumour. Testing them against the patient's own mini-t… | Speculative |
From 2 records:Allogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of dosesAllogeneic donor and iPSC master cell banks
Apheresis, vector, closed manufacturing, cryopreservation and chain of identity, release testing, point of care and allogeneic banks.
Apheresis and starting-material collectionViral vector manufacturing (lentiviral, retroviral, AAV)Autologous CAR-T manufacturing, batch by batchClosed automated cell-therapy manufacturingCryopreservation and cell-therapy cold chainCell-therapy orchestration and chain-of-identity softwareCell-therapy release and potency testingPoint-of-care and decentralised cell manufacturingAllogeneic cell banks: one donor, hundreds of doses
CompaniesNovartisGilead Sciences (incl. Kite)Bristol Myers SquibbLegend BiotechAutolus TherapeuticsOXB (Oxford Biomedica)Miltenyi BiotecCytiva (Danaher)LonzaCellaresCryoportTerumo Blood and Cell TechnologiesCellectisAllogene TherapeuticsImmunoACT
| Site | Operator | Capabilities | Makes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bristol Myers Squibb Devens Devens, Massachusetts, US · in-house | Bristol Myers Squibb | Cell therapyAntibody drug substance | BMS manufacturing | |
| Cellares Smart Factory South San Francisco, California, US · contract manufacturer | Cellares | Cell therapy | Cellares | |
| Kite El Segundo El Segundo, California, US · in-house | Kite (Gilead) | Cell therapy | Kite manufacturing | |
| Kite Frederick Frederick, Maryland, US · in-house | Kite (Gilead) | Cell therapyViral vector | Kite manufacturing | |
| Kite Hoofddorp Hoofddorp, NL · in-house | Kite (Gilead) | Cell therapy | Kite manufacturing | |
| Legend Biotech and Janssen Raritan Raritan, New Jersey, US · in-house | Legend Biotech with Johnson & Johnson | Cell therapy | Legend Biotech | |
| Legend Biotech Ghent (Tech Lane) Ghent, BE · in-house | Legend Biotech with Johnson & Johnson | Cell therapy | Legend Biotech | |
| Miltenyi Biotec Bergisch Gladbach, DE · contract manufacturer | Miltenyi Biotec | Cell therapyViral vector | Miltenyi Biotec | |
| Novartis Morris Plains Morris Plains, New Jersey, US · in-house | Novartis | Cell therapy | Novartis cell therapy |
The manufacturing map draws every site and the seven supply chains.
Instead of making CAR-T cells from each patient, take T cells from a healthy donor or from a stem cell line, edit them so the patient's body will not fight them, grow a huge batch and freeze it into…
Making cell therapies from a healthy donor or stem-cell line in advance, so patients get an off-the-shelf product instead of waiting weeks.
The medicines are the ones the open drug engine files under other cell therapies, whether it placed them on its grid or listed them as unresolved. The technology records are listed by hand (src/lib/modular-formats.ts) and each carries a pill back here. Everything else follows the graph's links from those two sets: approvals, cancers and toxicity from the medicine records; companies, trials, papers and ideas from the records that name a medicine or technology; roadmap steps from their refs; resistance from the atlas; manufacturing from the site and supply chain records.
Nothing here is written for the hub. Where the corpus holds no record for a section, the section says so rather than filling the gap, and the counts are counts of records in OnCo, not of the world. The JSON companion carries every section with the record ids behind it. Not medical advice.