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A signalling protein and the engineering that tames it: PEGylation for half-life, Fc fusion, receptor bias, an antibody to aim it at the tumour. The corpus holds 13 cytokines medicines: 9 approved, 2 in phase 3, 6 trials recruiting, 14 companies named. Every section below says which records it was read from.
From 1 record:Cytokines & engineered cytokines
Cytokine therapy gives immune-signalling proteins as drugs. High-dose interleukin-2 was the first immunotherapy to cure some melanomas, at great toxicity.
Systemic or targeted delivery of T- and NK-cell growth factors.
From 13 records:BempegaldesleukinDaromunElriterceptHistamine dihydrochlorideInterferon alfa-2a/2bJK08MifamurtideNogapendekin alfa inbakiceptand 5 more in the JSON
Cytokine against engineering, 4 by 5. Open the grid, where every cell links to its medicines and the records behind its state.
From 9 records:Interferon alfa-2a/2bOprelvekinTasonerminHistamine dihydrochlorideMifamurtidePeginterferon alfa-2bTagraxofuspRopeginterferon alfa-2band 1 more in the JSON
Interferon alfa-2a/2b Roferon-A / Intron A / Sylatron | Interferon alfa | 1986 | US | historic | ||
Oprelvekin Neumega | - | - | 1997 | US | withdrawn | |
Tasonermin Beromun | Tumour necrosis factor alfa | 1999 | EU | approved | ||
Histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene | Interleukin-2 | 2008 | EU | approved | - | |
Mifamurtide Mepact | - | 2009 | EU | approved | ||
Peginterferon alfa-2b Sylatron / PegIntron | Interferon alfa | 2011 | US | established | ||
Tagraxofusp Elzonris | - | 2018 | US | approved | ||
Ropeginterferon alfa-2b Besremi | Interferon alfa | 2019 | EUUS | approved | ||
Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept Anktiva | Interleukin-15 | 2024 | USEU | approved |
From 2 records:DaromunElritercept
| Phase 3 trials here | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daromun | Interleukin-2 | 5 | phase 3 | |||
| Elritercept | - | 6 | phase 3 |
From 13 records:BempegaldesleukinDaromunElriterceptHistamine dihydrochlorideInterferon alfa-2a/2bJK08MifamurtideNogapendekin alfa inbakiceptand 5 more in the JSON
From 14 records:Merck & Co. (MSD)TakedaAOP HealthBoehringer IngelheimImmunityBioMenarini / StemlinePfizer (incl. Seagen)PharmaEssentiaand 6 more in the JSON
| Company | Type | Medicines | Approved | Phase 3 | Which |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merck & Co. (MSD) US | pharma | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Takeda JP | pharma | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| AOP Health AT | pharma | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Boehringer Ingelheim DE | pharma | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| ImmunityBio US | biotech | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Menarini / Stemline IT | pharma | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Pfizer (incl. Seagen) US | pharma | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| PharmaEssentia TW | biotech | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Roche / Genentech CH | pharma | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Bristol Myers Squibb US | pharma | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Keros Therapeutics US | biotech | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Nektar Therapeutics US | biotech | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Philogen S.p.A. IT | biotech | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Salubris Biotherapeutics US | biotech | 1 | 0 | 0 |
From 6 records:A Study of Elritercept to Treat Anemia in Adults With Very Low, Low, or Intermediate Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) Who Need Regular BClinical Trial of N-803 Plus Tislelizumab or Prior Failed Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor and Docetaxel Versus Docetaxel Monotherapy in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Who Have Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint InEfficacy of Daromun Neoadjuvant Intratumoral Treatment in Clinical Stage IIIB/C/D Melanoma PatientsExtension Study of P1101 After Completion of Phase 2 Study in PV Patients or Phase 3 Study in ET PatientsA Phase 2, Open-label, Single-arm Study Of Autologous M-CENK Adoptive Cell Therapy And N-803 (IL-15 Superagonist) In Combination With Gemcitabine In PEvaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Mifamurtide Versus Standard Treatment With Sorafenib in Patients With High-risk Osteosarcoma
From no record yet:
No Side effects term is linked from this format's records.
From no record yet:
The resistance atlas records no class whose exemplars are medicines of this format.
From 15 records:Cytokines & engineered cytokinesImmunocytokines (antibody-cytokine fusions)BempegaldesleukinDaromunElriterceptHistamine dihydrochlorideInterferon alfa-2a/2bJK08and 7 more in the JSON
IL-15 Superagonist NAI in BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Paper cited by one treatment page, indexed on Europe PMC as PubMed record 38320011 and published in NEJM Evidence; the citing page links th… | 2,023 | NEJM Evidence | observational | |
Erdheim-Chester disease: consensus recommendations for evaluation, diagnosis and treatment in the molecular era International experts set out how to diagnose Erdheim-Chester disease, which scans and mutation tests to do, and when to use BRAF and MEK i… | 2,020 | Blood | guideline | |
Improved leukemia-free survival after postconsolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 in acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized phase 3 trial The primary report of Study 0201: adding histamine dihydrochloride to low-dose interleukin-2 after consolidation improved leukaemia-free su… | 2,006 | Blood | rct |
From 2 records:Immunotherapy roadmap: Coley's toxins → checkpoint inhibitors → engineered immunityPaediatric oncology roadmap: cooperative-group cures → engineered immunity → drugs developed for children first
From 15 records:Cytokines & engineered cytokinesImmunocytokines (antibody-cytokine fusions)BempegaldesleukinDaromunElriterceptHistamine dihydrochlorideInterferon alfa-2a/2bJK08and 7 more in the JSON
Clearing the JAK2 clone in polycythaemia vera: interferon plus mutant-selective inhibitors as a route to treatment-free remission Today's PV drugs control blood counts but leave the mutant cells in place. Interferon is the one treatment that shrinks the clone, and the first JAK2 V617F-sel… | Early clinical | |
Oncolytic viruses that make interleukin-12 only inside the tumour Interleukin-12 is an immune-stimulating cytokine that caused severe toxicity when injected into the bloodstream in the 1990s and was abandoned. An oncolytic he… | Early clinical | |
Engineered bacteria that live in tumours and manufacture drugs there Some harmless bacteria naturally grow in the low-oxygen core of tumours. Engineering them to produce immune-activating drugs turns them into tiny factories ins… | Preclinical evidence | |
Grow immune command posts inside tumours Tumours that contain small immune structures resembling lymph nodes respond far better to immunotherapy. Inducing those structures on purpose could make cold t… | Preclinical evidence | |
Inhaled immune therapy to make the lung hostile to arriving tumour cells Breathing in an immune-activating drug could turn the lungs into bad soil for cancer seeds, at doses far too low to cause body-wide side-effects. | Preclinical evidence | |
Off-the-shelf natural killer cells to sweep up residual disease Donor immune cells that need no matching could be given as short courses to clear the few cancer cells left after surgery, when the target is smallest. | Preclinical evidence |
From no record yet:
CHO cell culture, Protein A purification, single-use plants and fill-finish, and the biosimilar copies that cut prices.
Antibody manufacturing (CHO bioprocessing)Downstream purification (Protein A capture, viral clearance, polishing)Single-use bioprocessing systemsSterile fill-finish and lyophilisationBiosimilar manufacturing and comparability
CompaniesSamsung BiologicsLonzaWuXi BiologicsFUJIFILM Diosynth BiotechnologiesBoehringer Ingelheim BioXcellenceThermo Fisher ScientificCatalent (Novo Holdings)Cytiva (Danaher)SartoriusMerck KGaA (EMD Serono)CelltrionSamsung BioepisBioconAmgen
| Site | Operator | Capabilities | Makes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abzena Sanford Sanford, North Carolina, US · contract manufacturer | Abzena | ADC conjugationAntibody drug substance | Abzena | |
| Bristol Myers Squibb Devens Devens, Massachusetts, US · in-house | Bristol Myers Squibb | Cell therapyAntibody drug substance | BMS manufacturing | |
| Catalent Bloomington Bloomington, Indiana, US · contract manufacturer | Catalent (Novo Holdings) | Antibody drug substanceFill and finish | Catalent Biologics | |
| FUJIFILM Diosynth Holly Springs Holly Springs, North Carolina, US · contract manufacturer | FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies | Antibody drug substanceFill and finish | FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies | |
| Lonza Visp Visp, CH · contract manufacturer | Lonza | ADC conjugationPayload and linker chemistryAntibody drug substance | Lonza bioconjugates | |
| Samsung Biologics ADC facility Incheon (Songdo), KR · contract manufacturer | Samsung Biologics | ADC conjugationAntibody drug substance | Samsung Biologics | |
| WuXi XDC Wuxi Wuxi, CN · contract manufacturer | WuXi XDC | ADC conjugationPayload and linker chemistryAntibody drug substanceFill and finish | WuXi XDC |
The manufacturing map draws every site and the seven supply chains.
No manufacturing technology record is listed for this format.
The medicines are the ones the open drug engine files under cytokines, whether it placed them on its grid or listed them as unresolved. The technology records are listed by hand (src/lib/modular-formats.ts) and each carries a pill back here. Everything else follows the graph's links from those two sets: approvals, cancers and toxicity from the medicine records; companies, trials, papers and ideas from the records that name a medicine or technology; roadmap steps from their refs; resistance from the atlas; manufacturing from the site and supply chain records.
Nothing here is written for the hub. Where the corpus holds no record for a section, the section says so rather than filling the gap, and the counts are counts of records in OnCo, not of the world. The JSON companion carries every section with the record ids behind it. Not medical advice.