Explore: one ranked list, any cancer, any kind

Choose a cancer type (or all), switch between products, technologies, targets, trials, pairings, ideas, companies, and institutions, then sort and filter. Every row links to its page. The rank is a disclosed documentation-and-evidence score, not a measure of clinical benefit.

#			Why it ranks
1	Abemaciclib Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Abemaciclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor approved after surgery for high-risk hormone-positive breast cancer.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2021	20
2	Abiraterone acetate Small-molecule CYP17A1 inhibitor · Abiraterone is a pill that shuts down testosterone production everywhere, including inside the tumour. Discovered at the Institute of Cancer Research, now generic and used from the first metastatic diagnosis.	Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	31	2018	20
3	Acalabrutinib Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (second generation) · Acalabrutinib is a cleaner BTK blocker with fewer heart and bleeding problems than ibrutinib. In February 2026 it became half of the first all-oral, fixed-duration CLL regimen.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2026	20
4	Adagrasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Adagrasib was the second KRAS G12C inhibitor, with a long half-life and brain penetration, and is approved in lung and colorectal cancer.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	22	2024	20
5	Amivantamab Bispecific antibody (EGFR×MET) · A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR and its escape partner MET, now first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with lazertinib.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2024	20
6	Atezolizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · A PD-L1 blocker used in lung, liver, and bladder cancer. In 2026 it became the first drug approved based on a blood test showing leftover cancer after bladder surgery.	Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	69	2026	20
7	Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR-T (CD19) · A CD19 CAR-T that cures about 40% of patients with large B-cell lymphoma who had failed everything, and beat transplant in second line.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2022	20
8	Azacitidine Small-molecule hypomethylating agent (cytotoxic) · A gentle chemotherapy that switches silenced genes back on. With venetoclax it became the standard for older people with AML who cannot take intensive treatment.	Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	34	2020	20
9	Belzutifan Small-molecule HIF-2α inhibitor · Belzutifan is the first HIF-2α inhibitor, born from Nobel-winning biology, and is now approved after kidney cancer surgery with pembrolizumab.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	28	2026	20
10	Bevacizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGF) · The first drug to starve tumours of blood vessels. Approved in 2004 for bowel cancer, it remains a standard partner for chemotherapy in many cancers and is the add-on that makes late-line pills work better.	Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	55	2023	20
11	Blinatumomab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD19×CD3) · Blinatumomab was the first T-cell engager (2014), and is now given to children and adults with leukaemia even when in remission, because it improves survival.	Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	45	2024	20
12	Bortezomib Proteasome inhibitor · Bortezomib was the first proteasome inhibitor: it jams the cell's protein-recycling machine, which antibody-factory plasma cells cannot tolerate.	Approved2003🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	23	2008	20
13	Brentuximab vedotin ADC · The ADC that made the modern field credible (2011), for Hodgkin lymphoma and CD30+ lymphomas.	Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	44	2018	20
14	Cabozantinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (MET, VEGFR2, AXL, RET) · A pill that blocks both blood-vessel growth and the MET escape pathway, used in kidney, liver, thyroid and, since 2025, neuroendocrine cancers.	Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	46	2025	20
15	Camizestrant Oral SERD · Camizestrant is an oral oestrogen-receptor degrader approved in September 2026 for a new kind of decision: switching treatment when a blood test shows resistance developing, before the cancer visibly grows.	Approved2026	evidence + links	22	2026	20
16	Camrelizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · One of China's most widely used PD-1 blockers, approved there for oesophageal, liver, lung, and other cancers; not approved in the US.	Under review🇨🇳	evidence + links	20	2019	20
17	Capivasertib Small-molecule AKT inhibitor · Capivasertib (Truqap) is the first AKT inhibitor, for breast cancer with PI3K-pathway mutations and, since 2026, for prostate cancer with PTEN loss.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	26	2026	20
18	CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) Cytotoxic regimen · CAPOX combines oral capecitabine with oxaliplatin as a pill-based alternative to FOLFOX. Three months of it after surgery is enough for many stage III colon cancers.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	21	—	20
19	Carboplatin Cytotoxic chemotherapy (platinum) · Carboplatin is a platinum chemotherapy that crosslinks DNA; it is part of the standard pre-surgery regimen for triple-negative breast cancer.	Approved1989🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	82	1989	20
20	Cemiplimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A PD-1 blocker that is the standard for advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma, and in 2025 became the first adjuvant immunotherapy for it.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	28	2025	20
21	Cetuximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-EGFR) · An antibody that blocks the EGFR growth receptor. It works in bowel cancers with a normal RAS gene, especially left-sided ones, and is a key partner in the BRAF combination.	Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2024	20
22	Ciltacabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (BCMA) · Ciltacabtagene autoleucel is a one-time BCMA CAR-T for myeloma that, in CARTITUDE-4, cut the risk of death by about 45% compared with standard regimens.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	27	2024	20
23	Cisplatin Cytotoxic chemotherapy (platinum) · Cisplatin is the original platinum chemotherapy, discovered by accident in 1965; it cures testicular cancer and makes radiation work better in cervical and head and neck cancer.	Approved1978🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	59	1978	20
24	Cyclophosphamide Alkylating agent (oxazaphosphorine prodrug) · One of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs: part of CHOP for lymphoma, AC for breast cancer, VAC for childhood sarcomas, and used to prepare patients for CAR-T and transplant.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	44	1959	20
25	Dabrafenib + trametinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitors (BRAF + MEK) · Dabrafenib plus trametinib is the BRAF-plus-MEK pill combination, approved for BRAF V600E lung cancer and, since 2022, for any solid tumour with that mutation.	Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	29	2022	20
26	Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) Actinomycin antibiotic (transcription inhibitor) · The first antibiotic used as an anticancer drug (1954) and still the core of chemotherapy for Wilms tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma and gestational trophoblastic disease.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	22	1964	20
27	Daratumumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD38) · The CD38 antibody that turned triplets into quadruplets: adding it to standard induction roughly halves the risk of myeloma progressing.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	32	2026	20
28	Daraxonrasib Small-molecule pan-RAS(ON) inhibitor · The first drug that blocks all active RAS variants, approved by the FDA in August 2026 for metastatic pancreatic cancer, where KRAS drives 90% of tumours.	Under review	evidence + links	29	2026	20
29	Dasatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BCR::ABL1, SRC) · Dasatinib is a second-generation BCR::ABL1 pill that, combined with the immunotherapy blinatumomab, can put Ph-positive ALL into deep remission with no chemotherapy at all.	Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	21	2018	20
30	Datopotamab deruxtecan ADC · Datopotamab deruxtecan (Datroway) is the second TROP2 ADC and shares Enhertu's payload. In 2026 it became a first-line option for triple-negative breast cancer patients who cannot receive immunotherapy.	Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵	evidence + links	56	2026	20
31	Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta Monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2, chimeric) · The antibody that raised cure rates in high-risk childhood neuroblastoma by about 20 points when given after transplant with immune boosters and retinoid.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	23	2017	20
32	Disitamab vedotin ADC · Disitamab vedotin is a Chinese HER2 ADC approved for gastric and bladder cancer, now in global trials with Pfizer.	Not filed🇨🇳	evidence + links	21	2021	20
33	Docetaxel Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · The first chemotherapy to extend life in prostate cancer (2004), now part of triplet therapy at first metastatic diagnosis.	Approved1996🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	32	2004	20
34	Dostarlimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Dostarlimab is a PD-1 blocker famous for making rectal cancer disappear without surgery in every patient with a mismatch-repair-deficient tumour.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	35	2024	20
35	Doxorubicin Cytotoxic chemotherapy (anthracycline) · The red chemotherapy drug from a soil bacterium that is still the backbone of treatment for sarcoma, lymphoma and breast cancer, limited by cumulative heart damage.	Approved1974🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	66	1974	20
36	Durvalumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	76	2026	20
37	Encorafenib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BRAF) · Encorafenib is a BRAF inhibitor that, with cetuximab and chemotherapy, became first-line standard for BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer in 2026.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	29	2026	20
38	Enfortumab vedotin ADC · Enfortumab vedotin is an ADC against Nectin-4 that, combined with pembrolizumab, nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	34	2023	20
39	Enzalutamide Small-molecule AR antagonist · The most widely used androgen-receptor blocker, approved across every stage of advanced prostate cancer, including rising PSA after surgery.	Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	29	2023	20
40	Epcoritamab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Epcoritamab is an under-the-skin injection that pulls T cells onto lymphoma cells; it is approved for relapsed large B-cell and follicular lymphoma, and moving toward first line.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	27	2024	20
41	Etoposide Topoisomerase II inhibitor (podophyllotoxin derivative) · Etoposide is a chemotherapy from the mayapple plant, essential to curing testicular cancer (BEP), treating small-cell lung cancer, lymphomas, childhood sarcomas and leukaemias, and used in transplant conditioning.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	43	1983	20
42	Everolimus Small-molecule mTOR inhibitor · An mTOR-blocking pill that doubled progression-free time with exemestane in 2012 and is now paired with the oral SERD giredestrant.	Approved2009🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2016	20
43	Fluorouracil (5-FU) Fluoropyrimidine antimetabolite · The 1957 chemotherapy that remains the backbone of treatment for bowel, stomach, pancreatic, anal, head and neck and breast cancers, and as a cream for skin precancers.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	21	1970	20
44	FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin) Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFOX is the workhorse chemotherapy combination for bowel cancer, used after surgery to cure and in advanced disease as the backbone that targeted drugs are added to.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	44	2004	20
45	Gemcitabine + cisplatin Cytotoxic regimen · Gemcitabine plus cisplatin has been the chemotherapy backbone for bile duct cancer since 2010 and is now given with immunotherapy.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	20	—	20
46	Glofitamab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3, 2:1) · Glofitamab is a fixed-duration bispecific for large B-cell lymphoma, with OS benefit when combined with chemotherapy.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	23	2023	20
47	Ibrutinib Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (first generation) · The pill that ended chemotherapy for most CLL. It blocks the survival signal B cells depend on, and it was the first drug to beat chemoimmunotherapy in nearly every CLL setting.	Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	50	2022	20
48	Ifosfamide Cytotoxic chemotherapy (alkylating agent) · Ifosfamide is an alkylating chemotherapy partnered with doxorubicin in sarcoma and with etoposide in Ewing sarcoma, given with a bladder-protecting drug.	Approved1988🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	27	1988	20
49	Imatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BCR-ABL, KIT, PDGFRA) · The drug that started the targeted therapy era in 2001, turning chronic myeloid leukaemia into a manageable condition with near-normal life expectancy.	Approved2001🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	66	2002	20
50	Ipilimumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4) · Ipilimumab was the first checkpoint inhibitor (2011), and proved the immune system could be unleashed against cancer.	Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	83	2011	20
51	Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan) Topoisomerase I inhibitor (camptothecin prodrug) · Irinotecan is a topoisomerase-blocking chemotherapy central to bowel and pancreatic cancer regimens (FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX, NALIRIFOX) and to salvage therapy in childhood sarcomas; it carries the same warhead as the deruxtecan ADC payloads.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	28	2024	20
52	Ivosidenib Small-molecule IDH1 inhibitor · Ivosidenib is a pill that blocks the mutant IDH1 enzyme, approved in bile duct cancer and in leukaemia.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	20	2023	20
53	Lenalidomide Immunomodulatory drug (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · A thalidomide descendant that switches on the cell's protein-disposal system against two myeloma survival factors, and is the backbone of myeloma maintenance and many lymphoma regimens.	Approved2005🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	43	2017	20
54	Lenvatinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, RET, KIT) · An oral anti-angiogenic pill that matched sorafenib in liver cancer with higher response rates, and partners with pembrolizumab in kidney and endometrial cancer.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	50	2021	20
55	Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors) Small-molecule aromatase inhibitor · Daily pills that stop the body making oestrogen after menopause, the backbone of hormone therapy for most breast cancers.	Approved1997🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	21	2005	20
56	Lifileucel TIL cell therapy · Lifileucel was the first approved TIL therapy: the patient's own tumour-fighting immune cells are expanded to billions and given back.	Approved2024	evidence + links	28	2024	20
57	Lisocabtagene maraleucel CAR-T (CD19, defined CD4:CD8) · Lisocabtagene maraleucel is the only CAR-T approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, for patients whose disease has outrun both BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	20	2024	20
58	Lorlatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK/ROS1) · An ALK inhibitor with the longest disease control ever recorded for a targeted lung cancer pill: 60% progression-free at five years.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	35	2021	20
59	Lurbinectedin Cytotoxic (transcription inhibitor) · A marine-derived chemotherapy that jams cancer's gene-reading machinery, approved for relapsed small-cell lung cancer and, since 2025, as first-line maintenance with atezolizumab.	Approved2020🇦🇺	evidence + links	21	2025	20
60	Lutetium-177 dotatate Radioligand therapy (beta) · Lutetium-177 dotatate was the first modern radioligand therapy (2018), for neuroendocrine tumours, and is now used in first line.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	36	2024	20
61	Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan Radioligand therapy (beta) · A radioactive drug that seeks out PSMA on prostate cancer cells; the best-selling radiopharmaceutical ever.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	49	2026	20
62	Melphalan (including hepatic delivery system) Alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard) · The myeloma chemotherapy that is also the standard high-dose conditioning before autologous transplant, and, delivered directly into the liver's blood supply or the eye, treats uveal melanoma metastases and retinoblastoma.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	21	2023	20
63	Methotrexate Antifolate (DHFR inhibitor) · The 1948 antifolate that produced the first chemotherapy remissions in childhood leukaemia and the first cure of a solid tumour; still essential in ALL, lymphoma, osteosarcoma and CNS lymphoma.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	34	1953	20
64	Mirvetuximab soravtansine ADC · Mirvetuximab soravtansine (Elahere) is the first ADC for ovarian cancer, for tumours with high folate receptor alpha.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	20	2022	20
65	Niraparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Niraparib is a PARP inhibitor approved as maintenance for ovarian cancer regardless of BRCA status, and in prostate cancer with abiraterone.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	28	2020	20
66	Nivolumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Nivolumab was the second PD-1 blocker and is often combined with ipilimumab. Long-term data show about half of advanced melanoma patients alive at 10 years on the combination.	Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	188	2026	20
67	Nonavalent HPV vaccine Prophylactic vaccine (virus-like particles) · A vaccine against nine HPV types that prevents about 90% of cervical cancers, and now works with a single dose.	Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	21	2022	20
68	Obinutuzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20, glycoengineered type II) · Obinutuzumab is a supercharged CD20 antibody that, paired with venetoclax for one year, gives many CLL patients years off all treatment.	Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	28	2019	20
69	Olaparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Olaparib was the first PARP inhibitor, and turned an inherited BRCA mutation from a risk factor into a drug target, including after surgery in breast cancer.	Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	82	2022	20
70	Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields) Device (tumour treating fields) · Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer.	Approved2011🇪🇺🇯🇵🇨🇳	evidence + links	27	2026	20
71	Osimertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (EGFR) · Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	74	2020	20
72	Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · A microtubule poison discovered in the Pacific yew tree, among the most used chemotherapies in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.	Approved1992🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	75	1992	20
73	Palbociclib Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Palbociclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor (2015), and in 2026 became the first approved as maintenance in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	40	2026	20
74	Pembrolizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · The most widely used cancer immunotherapy, approved in more than 40 settings, including before and after surgery for triple-negative breast cancer.	Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	290	2026	20
75	Pertuzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2, dimerisation domain) · A second HER2 antibody that binds a different spot from trastuzumab, blocking HER2 from pairing with HER3; together they extended survival by 16 months in CLEOPATRA.	Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	29	2020	20
76	Pirtobrutinib Small-molecule non-covalent (reversible) BTK inhibitor · A BTK blocker that works after the older ones stop, because it grips a different part of the enzyme. Fully approved for CLL in December 2025.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵	evidence + links	28	2025	20
77	Ponatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (pan-BCR::ABL1 incl. T315I) · Ponatinib is the only BCR::ABL1 inhibitor that covers the T315I resistance mutation. In 2024 it became the preferred pill for newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL.	Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	20	2024	20
78	Ramucirumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGFR2) · An antibody that blocks the VEGF receptor, approved in liver cancer only for patients with a high AFP blood level, the first biomarker-selected HCC drug.	Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	21	2019	20
79	Regorafenib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor · A sorafenib successor that became the first second-line drug proven to prolong life in liver cancer (2017).	Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	23	2017	20
80	Relatlimab + nivolumab Fixed-dose bispecific combination (anti-LAG-3 + anti-PD-1) · Opdualag combines relatlimab, the first drug targeting the LAG-3 immune brake, with nivolumab for melanoma.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	21	2022	20
81	Revumenib Small-molecule menin inhibitor · Revumenib (Revuforj) is the first menin inhibitor (2024), for acute leukaemias with KMT2A rearrangements or NPM1 mutations.	Approved2024	evidence + links	29	2025	20
82	Ribociclib Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Ribociclib is the CDK4/6 inhibitor with the most consistent survival benefit, approved for a broad population of early breast cancer patients since 2024.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	26	2024	20
83	Rituximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20, chimeric) · Rituximab was the first antibody ever approved for cancer (1997). It made chemoimmunotherapy the CLL standard for a decade, and biosimilars keep it cheap and everywhere.	Approved1997🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	40	2010	20
84	Sacituzumab govitecan ADC · The first TROP2-targeted ADC. It delivers a strong chemotherapy directly to breast and bladder cancer cells and is now a first-line option in triple-negative breast cancer.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	47	2026	20
85	Satricabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (Claudin 18.2) · Satricabtagene autoleucel (satri-cel) is the first CAR-T therapy approved for a solid tumour (gastric cancer), in China.	Under review🇨🇳	evidence + links	20	2025	20
86	Selpercatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET) · Selpercatinib is a selective RET inhibitor approved for any tumour with a RET fusion, with a further label update in July 2026.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	26	2026	20
87	Sonrotoclax Small-molecule BCL-2 inhibitor (second generation) · Sonrotoclax is a more potent, shorter-acting successor to venetoclax. It was approved for mantle cell lymphoma in May 2026 and is in late-stage trials with zanubrutinib for CLL.	Approved2026🇨🇳	evidence + links	23	2026	20
88	Sotorasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Sotorasib (Lumakras) was the first drug to hit KRAS, approved in 2021 after four decades of failure.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	39	2025	20
89	Sunitinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT) · Sunitinib is an anti-angiogenic pill approved for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, kidney cancer and GIST.	Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2017	20
90	Talazoparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Talazoparib is the most potent PARP trapper, approved in BRCA breast cancer and with enzalutamide in prostate cancer.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	25	2023	20
91	Tarlatamab Bispecific T-cell engager (DLL3×CD3) · The first T-cell engager to improve survival in a common solid tumour, small-cell lung cancer.	Approved2024🇯🇵	evidence + links	38	2024	20
92	Tebentafusp ImmTAC (TCR×CD3 bispecific) · The first drug to improve survival in metastatic uveal melanoma, and the first TCR-based bispecific.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	24	2022	20
93	Teclistamab Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Teclistamab was the first off-the-shelf bispecific for multiple myeloma, and is now approved after just one prior line of therapy.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	29	2026	20
94	Temozolomide Oral alkylating chemotherapy · The only chemotherapy proven to extend life in glioblastoma, given during and after radiation. It works best when the tumour has switched off a repair gene called MGMT.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	36	2005	20
95	Tisagenlecleucel CAR-T (CD19) · Tisagenlecleucel was the first CAR-T therapy ever approved (2017), for children and young adults whose leukaemia had come back after everything else.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	26	2022	20
96	Tislelizumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker, engineered to avoid a side-channel that may blunt other PD-1 drugs, now approved in the US and EU for oesophageal and stomach cancer.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	29	2025	20
97	Toripalimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker that became the first immunotherapy approved in the US for nasopharyngeal cancer.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	20	2023	20
98	Trastuzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · The first targeted antibody for a solid tumour (1998), which turned HER2-positive breast cancer from the worst subtype into one of the most treatable.	Approved1998🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	86	2010	20
99	Trastuzumab deruxtecan ADC · Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) is the most successful ADC ever. It redefined HER2 by working in tumours with only tiny amounts of the protein, and in 2026 moved into early-stage breast cancer.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	126	2026	20
100	Trastuzumab emtansine ADC · Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, T-DM1) was the first ADC for a solid tumour (2013). It is still standard after surgery for HER2+ breast cancer patients whose tumour did not fully respond to pre-surgery treatment.	Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2019	20
101	Tucatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · A HER2-selective pill that works in the brain, for HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	30	2023	20
102	Venetoclax Small-molecule BCL-2 inhibitor · A pill that removes the survival shield from leukaemia cells, enabling chemotherapy-free, time-limited treatment for CLL.	Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	86	2018	20
103	Vepdegestrant PROTAC oestrogen receptor degrader · Vepdegestrant is the first PROTAC ever approved (2026): a pill that tags the oestrogen receptor for destruction, for breast cancers with ESR1 mutations.	Approved2026	evidence + links	23	2026	20
104	Vincristine Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor) · A plant-derived chemotherapy from the Madagascar periwinkle that has been in almost every childhood leukaemia and lymphoma regimen since the 1960s.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	44	1963	20
105	Vusolimogene oderparepvec Oncolytic virus (HSV-1) · Vusolimogene oderparepvec is an engineered herpes virus injected into melanoma tumours, approved in August 2026 with nivolumab after immunotherapy failure.	Approved2026	evidence + links	22	2026	20
106	Zanidatamab Biparatopic bispecific antibody (HER2) · Zanidatamab (Ziihera) is an antibody that grabs HER2 at two different spots, approved for HER2+ bile duct cancer.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳	evidence + links	33	2024	20
107	Zanubrutinib Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (second generation) · Zanubrutinib is the only BTK blocker to beat ibrutinib on both efficacy and safety in a head-to-head trial. It is now the most prescribed BTK inhibitor in CLL.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	35	2023	20
108	Ziftomenib Small-molecule menin inhibitor · Ziftomenib is the second menin inhibitor for leukaemia, approved in November 2025 as a once-daily pill for relapsed NPM1-mutated AML.	Approved2025	evidence + links	28	2025	20
109	ArteraAI Prostate AI digital pathology prognostic/predictive test · The first AI tool cleared by the FDA to predict both prognosis and treatment benefit from a routine biopsy slide, in prostate cancer.	Approved2025	evidence + links	19	2025	19.5
110	Elacestrant Oral SERD · Elacestrant was the first oral oestrogen-receptor degrader (2023), for ESR1-mutant breast cancer detected by blood test.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	19	2023	19.5
111	Intravesical BCG Live bacterial immunotherapy (intravesical) · A weakened tuberculosis vaccine put directly into the bladder. Since 1976 it has been the most effective treatment for early bladder cancer, and it remains in chronic short supply.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	19	1990	19.5
112	Pemetrexed Cytotoxic (antifolate) · Pemetrexed is the chemotherapy that, with a platinum drug, became the first approved treatment for mesothelioma in 2004, and is still the backbone today.	Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	19	2008	19.5
113	Platinum + etoposide (EP / CE) Cytotoxic regimen · Platinum plus etoposide has been the chemotherapy backbone of small-cell lung cancer for over 40 years, and is now given with immunotherapy.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	19	1983	19.5
114	Ripretinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (KIT/PDGFRA switch-control) · A fourth-line GIST drug that locks KIT in an off state regardless of which resistance mutation the tumour has acquired.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	19	2020	19.5
115	Shield Blood-based colorectal cancer screening test · The first FDA-approved blood test for colorectal cancer screening (2024), now optionally reporting other cancers too.	Approved2024	evidence + links	19	2024	19.5
116	Tamoxifen Small-molecule SERM · The original targeted cancer drug (1977): a pill that blocks oestrogen's effect on breast cancer and halves recurrence, still essential for premenopausal women.	Approved1977🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	19	1998	19.5
117	Vemurafenib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BRAF V600) · Vemurafenib was the first BRAF inhibitor (2011); it shrank melanomas in weeks and proved that a single mutation could be drugged in a solid tumour.	Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	19	2017	19.5
118	Zolbetuximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-Claudin 18.2) · Zolbetuximab is the first drug against Claudin 18.2, a protein exposed on stomach cancer cells. Added to chemotherapy it extends survival by two to three months; nausea is the price.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	19	2024	19.5
119	Afamitresgene autoleucel TCR-T (MAGE-A4) · Afamitresgene autoleucel was the first engineered T-cell receptor therapy approved for a solid tumour, synovial sarcoma.	Approved2024	evidence + links	18	2024	19
120	Asciminib Small-molecule allosteric ABL1 inhibitor (STAMP) · Asciminib is a BCR::ABL1 blocker that binds a different pocket from every other TKI, approved for all newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia in 2024 and now being tested in Ph-positive ALL.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	18	2024	19
121	Avelumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · Avelumab is a PD-L1 blocker given as maintenance after chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer, which lengthened survival by about seven months.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	18	2020	19
122	Belantamab mafodotin ADC · A myeloma ADC that was withdrawn in 2022 then came back in 2025 after strong trials in earlier lines.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳	evidence + links	18	2025	19
123	Polatuzumab vedotin ADC · Polatuzumab vedotin is an ADC against CD79b that, swapped into the classic R-CHOP regimen, became the first improvement on frontline lymphoma therapy in twenty years.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	18	2023	19
124	Topotecan Cytotoxic (topoisomerase-I inhibitor) · Topotecan is the long-standing second-line chemotherapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer, and now the comparator that new drugs must beat.	Approved1996🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	18	2007	19
125	Cytarabine + anthracycline ('7+3') Cytotoxic regimen · The intensive chemotherapy that has induced remission in fit AML patients since 1973: seven days of one drug, three of another. Still the backbone that targeted drugs are added to.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	17	1969	18.5
126	Inotuzumab ozogamicin ADC · Inotuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody carrying a DNA-cutting toxin to CD22 on leukaemia cells. It gets far more relapsed ALL patients into remission than chemotherapy and bridges them to transplant.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	17	2024	18.5
127	Larotrectinib Small-molecule pan-TRK inhibitor (first generation) · The first drug approved for a gene fusion regardless of where the cancer started; it works in about 75% of NTRK-fusion cancers, from infant fibrosarcoma to salivary and thyroid cancers.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	17	2019	18.5
128	Sorafenib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, PDGFR, RAF) · The first drug ever to extend life in advanced liver cancer (2007), now mostly a comparator arm that newer combinations are measured against.	Approved2005🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	17	2013	18.5
129	Bleomycin Glycopeptide antibiotic (DNA-cleaving) · Bleomycin is the 'B' in BEP for testicular cancer and ABVD for Hodgkin lymphoma; its unique danger is scarring of the lungs, so lung function is monitored and it is often dropped when safe.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	16	1973	18
130	Entrectinib Small-molecule TRK/ROS1/ALK TKI (CNS-penetrant) · Entrectinib (Rozlytrek) is a pill for NTRK-fusion cancers and ROS1 lung cancer that reaches brain metastases.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	16	2020	18
131	Gilteritinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FLT3, type I) · A single pill that beats salvage chemotherapy for relapsed FLT3-mutated AML, and the backbone of the triplets now being tested in frontline disease.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	16	2018	18
132	Mosunetuzumab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Mosunetuzumab is a fixed-duration CD20 bispecific approved for follicular lymphoma and studied with polatuzumab in large B-cell lymphoma.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	16	2022	18
133	Radium-223 dichloride Targeted alpha therapy (bone-seeking) · Radium-223 was the first alpha-emitting drug ever approved (2013). It homes to bone like calcium and treats prostate cancer that has spread only to bone.	Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	16	2013	18
134	Ruxolitinib Small-molecule JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor · Ruxolitinib was the first JAK inhibitor: it shrinks the spleen and relieves symptoms in myelofibrosis and controls blood counts in polycythaemia vera, without eliminating the disease clone.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	16	2021	18
135	Tafasitamab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD19, Fc-enhanced) · A CD19 antibody given with lenalidomide for lymphoma patients who cannot have a transplant; in 2026 it showed the first frontline gain over R-CHOP in high-risk disease.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	16	2025	18
136	Talimogene laherparepvec Oncolytic virus (HSV-1) · Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic) was the first approved oncolytic virus (2015), injected into melanoma skin lesions.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	16	2015	18
137	Tisotumab vedotin ADC · Tisotumab vedotin is an ADC against tissue factor, the first to show a survival benefit in recurrent cervical cancer.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵	evidence + links	16	2021	18
138	Zenocutuzumab Bispecific antibody (HER2×HER3) · Zenocutuzumab is the first drug for cancers driven by NRG1 gene fusions, working by blocking HER3 from receiving its growth signal.	Approved2024	evidence + links	16	2026	18
139	Axitinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR) · Axitinib is a selective VEGF-receptor pill, now given mainly with pembrolizumab or avelumab as first-line kidney cancer treatment.	Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	15	2019	17.5
140	Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral) Oral hypomethylating agent · Oral decitabine-cedazuridine is a pill version of the hypomethylating chemotherapy that, since May 2026, lets older AML patients take their whole venetoclax regimen at home.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	15	2026	17.5
141	Gemtuzumab ozogamicin ADC · Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) was the very first ADC: approved in 2000, withdrawn in 2010 for toxicity, and re-approved in 2017 at a lower fractionated dose. Its history is cautionary and instructive.	Approved2000🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	15	2017	17.5
142	Luspatercept Erythroid maturation agent (activin receptor IIB ligand trap, Fc fusion) · An injection that helps the marrow finish making red cells, reducing or removing the need for transfusions in lower-risk MDS and beta-thalassaemia.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	15	2023	17.5
143	Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept IL-15 superagonist (intravesical, with BCG) · Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept is an engineered version of the immune-boosting protein IL-15, given with BCG into the bladder, approved in 2024 for early bladder cancer that BCG alone no longer controls.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	15	2024	17.5
144	Radioactive iodine (I-131) Radiopharmaceutical (beta/gamma emitter, natural uptake) · The original targeted radiotherapy: thyroid cells soak up iodine, so radioactive iodine destroys leftover thyroid tissue and metastases while sparing everything else.	Approved1951🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	15	1951	17.5
145	Retifanlimab Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (IgG4) · Retifanlimab is a PD-1 antibody approved for Merkel cell carcinoma and, with chemotherapy, as the first immunotherapy standard for advanced anal cancer.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	15	2025	17.5
146	Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide) Peptide hormone analogue (SSTR2 agonist) · Monthly injections of a synthetic hormone that both quiets tumour hormone symptoms and slows tumour growth, the first treatment for most neuroendocrine tumours.	Approved1988🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	15	2014	17.5
147	Telisotuzumab vedotin ADC · Telisotuzumab vedotin (Emrelis) is the first c-MET-directed ADC, approved in 2025 for lung cancer with high c-MET protein.	Approved2025	evidence + links	15	2025	17.5
148	Vismodegib Small-molecule smoothened (hedgehog) inhibitor · Vismodegib was the first hedgehog-pathway drug, for basal cell carcinomas too advanced for surgery; it shrinks most tumours but muscle cramps, taste loss and hair loss make long-term use hard.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	15	2013	17.5
149	Vorasidenib Small-molecule IDH1/2 inhibitor · The first targeted therapy for low-grade brain tumours, delaying the need for radiation and chemotherapy by years.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	15	2024	17.5
150	Avutometinib + defactinib Small-molecule RAF/MEK clamp + FAK inhibitor · Avutometinib plus defactinib is the first treatment approved specifically for low-grade serous ovarian cancer, a slow-growing type driven by the RAS pathway.	Approved2025	evidence + links	14	2025	17
151	Bendamustine Alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard-purine hybrid) · An East German chemotherapy rediscovered in the 2000s that became the backbone partner for rituximab in follicular, mantle cell and Waldenström lymphomas.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	14	2010	17
152	Elranatamab Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Elranatamab is Pfizer's BCMA bispecific, given under the skin every week then every two weeks, for myeloma after four prior lines.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	14	2023	17
153	FLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel) Cytotoxic regimen · FLOT is the four-drug chemotherapy given before and after surgery for stomach cancer in the West; since 2025 immunotherapy is added to it.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	14	—	17
154	FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan) Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFIRI is the other backbone bowel-cancer chemotherapy, swapping oxaliplatin for irinotecan. Used first or second line and, since 2026, with the BRAF combination.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	14	—	17
155	Imlunestrant Oral SERD · Imlunestrant is Lilly's oral oestrogen-receptor degrader, approved in 2025 for ESR1-mutant breast cancer and shown to work with abemaciclib regardless of mutation.	Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵	evidence + links	14	2025	17
156	Inavolisib Small-molecule PI3Kα inhibitor and degrader · Inavolisib is a PI3K drug that also destroys the mutant protein, approved in 2024 with palbociclib and fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳	evidence + links	14	2024	17
157	Lazertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (EGFR) · A third-generation EGFR pill used together with amivantamab as the first regimen to beat osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳	evidence + links	14	2024	17
158	Naxitamab Monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2, humanised) · Naxitamab is a humanised anti-GD2 antibody from Memorial Sloan Kettering, given as an outpatient with GM-CSF for relapsed neuroblastoma in bone or marrow.	Approved2020🇨🇳	evidence + links	14	2020	17
159	Nirogacestat Small-molecule gamma-secretase inhibitor · Nirogacestat is the first approved medicine for desmoid tumours, locally invasive growths that do not spread but can be crippling; it works by blocking Notch signalling.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	14	2025	17
160	Panitumumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-EGFR) · Panitumumab is a fully human EGFR antibody, the preferred first-line partner for chemotherapy in left-sided, RAS-normal bowel cancer after the PARADIGM trial.	Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	14	2025	17
161	Quizartinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FLT3-ITD, type II) · Quizartinib is a more selective FLT3 blocker that, added to chemotherapy, roughly doubled median survival in the highest-risk FLT3 subtype.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳	evidence + links	14	2023	17
162	Tovorafenib Small-molecule type II RAF inhibitor · Tovorafenib is a pill for the most common childhood brain tumour, low-grade glioma driven by BRAF changes, approved in 2024.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	14	2026	17
163	Tremelimumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4) · Tremelimumab is AstraZeneca's CTLA-4 antibody, given as a single priming dose with durvalumab and chemotherapy in lung and liver cancer.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	14	2022	17
164	Trifluridine/tipiracil Cytotoxic chemotherapy (oral nucleoside) · An oral chemotherapy pill for bowel cancer that has stopped responding to everything else; with bevacizumab it extends life by about three months.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	14	2023	17
165	Avapritinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (PDGFRA D842V / KIT) · Avapritinib is the first drug for GIST driven by the PDGFRA D842V mutation, which resists every other kinase inhibitor; it is also approved for systemic mastocytosis.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	13	2021	16.5
166	Crizotinib Small-molecule ALK/ROS1/MET TKI (first generation) · Crizotinib was the first ALK inhibitor, approved four years after ALK fusions were found in lung cancer; it was also the first drug for ROS1 lung cancer and for ALK-positive lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in children.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	13	2022	16.5
167	Eflornithine (DFMO) Small-molecule ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor · Eflornithine (DFMO) is an old sleeping-sickness drug repurposed as the first oral maintenance therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma, approved in December 2023 to reduce relapse after immunotherapy.	Approved2023	evidence + links	13	2023	16.5
168	Fulvestrant Injectable SERD · Fulvestrant is a monthly injection that destroys the oestrogen receptor; it is the standard partner for many targeted drugs after hormone therapy stops working.	Approved2002🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	13	2017	16.5
169	Gemcitabine Nucleoside analogue (deoxycytidine) · A versatile chemotherapy used in pancreatic, bladder, lung, ovarian, breast and biliary cancers, in nasopharyngeal cancer, and as a bladder instillation.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	13	2006	16.5
170	Loncastuximab tesirine ADC · Loncastuximab tesirine (Zynlonta) is a CD19 ADC with a DNA-crosslinking payload for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳	evidence + links	13	2021	16.5
171	Midostaurin Small-molecule multikinase inhibitor (FLT3) · The first drug to improve survival in FLT3-mutated AML, added to standard chemotherapy: median survival went from about two years to more than six.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	13	2017	16.5
172	Mitomycin C Alkylating antibiotic (bioreductive) · The chemotherapy given with radiation to cure anal cancer without surgery, used as a bladder instillation after tumour resection, and since 2020-25 in gel form for upper-tract and recurrent bladder cancers.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	13	2025	16.5
173	Obecabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (CD19, fast off-rate) · A CD19 CAR-T built to grip and release quickly, which cut severe side effects and gave adults with relapsed ALL a real chance at durable remission.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	13	2025	16.5
174	Rucaparib Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · A PARP inhibitor for BRCA-mutated ovarian and prostate cancer whose original maker went bankrupt; still available, with a narrowed label.	Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	13	2020	16.5
175	Talquetamab Bispecific T-cell engager (GPRC5D×CD3) · Talquetamab is the first drug against GPRC5D, a second myeloma target used after BCMA therapies stop working; taste and skin side effects are its signature.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	13	2023	16.5
176	Trastuzumab rezetecan ADC · Hengrui's HER2 ADC, approved in China for lung cancer and showing Enhertu-scale results in breast cancer, part of a wave of Chinese ADCs heading for global trials.	Not mapped here🇨🇳	evidence + links	13	2025	16.5
177	Actinium-225 PSMA agents Targeted alpha therapy · Alpha-emitting PSMA drugs that produce responses even after Pluvicto fails, held back mainly by isotope supply.	Phase 3	evidence + links	20	—	16
178	Alectinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK) · Alectinib is a well-tolerated ALK pill, standard first line for years and, since 2024, the first targeted therapy given after surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	12	2024	16
179	Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use) Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGF) · A blood-vessel-blocking antibody that shrinks glioblastoma on scans and reduces swelling, but has never been shown to help patients live longer.	Approved2009🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	12	2009	16
180	Binimetinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (MEK1/2) · Binimetinib is the MEK inhibitor partnered with encorafenib; blocking the next step in the same relay stops the tumour rerouting around the BRAF block.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	12	2023	16
181	Cadonilimab Bispecific antibody (PD-1×CTLA-4) · A Chinese two-armed antibody that blocks PD-1 and CTLA-4 together, approved in China for cervical cancer and extending survival even in PD-L1-negative tumours.	Not filed🇨🇳	evidence + links	12	2024	16
182	Dordaviprone Small-molecule imipridone (ClpP agonist / DRD2 antagonist) · Dordaviprone is the first drug ever approved for a lethal childhood and young-adult brain tumour, diffuse midline glioma with the H3 K27M mutation (August 2025).	Approved2025	evidence + links	12	2025	16
183	FOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFIRINOX is a four-drug chemotherapy combination that, in 2011, became the first treatment to meaningfully extend life in metastatic pancreatic cancer; it is now the standard before and after surgery.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	12	2011	16
184	Fruquintinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR1-3) · A Chinese-discovered pill that blocks the blood-vessel receptors, approved in 2023 for bowel cancer after all standard treatments.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	12	2023	16
185	Futibatinib Small-molecule irreversible kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-4) · Futibatinib is a covalent FGFR inhibitor for FGFR2-fusion bile duct cancer, with the highest response rate of the first-generation drugs.	Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵	evidence + links	12	2023	16
186	Galleri Multi-cancer early detection blood test · A blood test screening for more than 50 cancers at once, before the FDA in September 2026.	Phase 3	evidence + links	25	—	16
187	Gedatolisib Small-molecule pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor · An intravenous drug that blocks the whole PI3K/mTOR pathway, approved in July 2026 for hormone-positive breast cancer.	Approved2026	evidence + links	12	2026	16
188	Ifinatamab deruxtecan ADC · Ifinatamab deruxtecan is a B7-H3 ADC showing some of the best response rates ever seen in relapsed small-cell lung cancer.	Phase 3	evidence + links	20	—	16
189	Imetelstat Telomerase inhibitor (oligonucleotide) · Imetelstat is the first telomerase-blocking drug approved for any cancer; it frees many lower-risk MDS patients from transfusions after growth factors have failed.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	12	2025	16
190	Intismeran autogene Personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccine · A custom mRNA vaccine encoding up to 34 of a patient's own tumour mutations. In August 2026 it became the first personalised cancer vaccine to win a phase 3 trial.	Phase 3	evidence + links	27	—	16
191	Ivonescimab Bispecific antibody (PD-1×VEGF) · A Chinese bispecific that beat Keytruda head-to-head on progression-free survival in lung cancer, the first drug ever to do so.	Under review🇨🇳	evidence + links	32	2024	16
192	Izalontamab brengitecan Bispecific ADC · Izalontamab brengitecan is the first bispecific ADC to succeed in a phase 3 trial, hitting two growth receptors at once in triple-negative breast cancer.	Phase 3	evidence + links	34	—	16
193	Mitotane Adrenolytic agent (DDD derivative) · A relative of the insecticide DDT that is the only drug specific to adrenal cortex cancer; it needs blood-level monitoring and permanent steroid replacement.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	12	2004	16
194	Momelotinib Small-molecule JAK1/JAK2/ACVR1 inhibitor · Momelotinib is the JAK inhibitor designed for anaemic myelofibrosis patients: it can improve haemoglobin while shrinking the spleen.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	12	2024	16
195	Nilotinib Small-molecule BCR-ABL1 TKI (second generation) · Nilotinib is a second-generation CML pill that produces deeper responses faster than imatinib, at the cost of cardiovascular and metabolic side effects.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	12	2010	16
196	Oncotype DX Gene-expression prognostic/predictive assay · A 21-gene test that tells most women with early hormone-positive breast cancer whether they can safely skip chemotherapy.	Established	evidence + links	20	—	16
197	Patritumab deruxtecan ADC · A HER3-directed ADC with Enhertu's payload, active in lung and all subtypes of breast cancer, but with a bumpy regulatory road.	Phase 3	evidence + links	21	—	16
198	Pemigatinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-3) · Pemigatinib was the first targeted therapy for bile duct cancer, for tumours with an FGFR2 gene fusion.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	12	2021	16
199	Pomalidomide Oral cereblon E3 ligase modulator (IMiD) · The third-generation thalidomide analogue for myeloma that has failed lenalidomide, and since 2020 the first new drug for Kaposi sarcoma in two decades.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	12	2020	16
200	Repotrectinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ROS1 / NTRK) · A ROS1 and NTRK pill that also works after other ROS1 drugs fail, with dizziness as its signature side effect.	Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳	evidence + links	12	2024	16
201	Sacituzumab tirumotecan ADC · Sacituzumab tirumotecan is a third TROP2 ADC from China, licensed to Merck for a very large global programme. It is approved in China; in the US it has a priority voucher but not yet approval.	Under review🇨🇳	evidence + links	36	2024	16
202	Signatera Tumour-informed ctDNA MRD test · The most widely used blood test for detecting leftover cancer after surgery, personalised to each patient's tumour mutations.	Established	evidence + links	29	—	16
203	Temsirolimus Intravenous mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin analogue) · A weekly infusion that was the first drug to extend survival in poor-risk kidney cancer (2007), and in 2024 the first targeted drug to improve outcomes in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	12	2009	16
204	Tivozanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR) · Tivozanib is a highly selective VEGF-receptor pill for kidney cancer after two or more prior treatments, notable for its tolerability and for a trial that closed the door on immunotherapy rechallenge.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	12	2021	16
205	Actinium-225 DOTATATE Targeted alpha therapy · An alpha-particle version of Lutathera for neuroendocrine tumours that have stopped responding to the beta version.	Phase 3	evidence + links	19	—	15.5
206	Alpelisib Small-molecule PI3Kα inhibitor · Alpelisib was the first PI3K drug for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer (2019). It is effective, but high blood sugar and rash limited its use, and newer drugs are displacing it.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	11	2019	15.5
207	ArteraAI Breast AI digital pathology risk test · An FDA-cleared AI test (May 2026) that reads breast cancer slides to estimate recurrence risk in early hormone-positive disease.	Approved2026	evidence + links	11	2026	15.5
208	Brexucabtagene autoleucel Autologous CD19 CAR-T (CD28 costimulatory domain) · Brexucabtagene autoleucel is the CAR-T therapy for mantle cell lymphoma and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, giving long remissions after BTK inhibitors fail.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	11	2021	15.5
209	Cobimetinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (MEK1/2) · Cobimetinib is the MEK partner for vemurafenib, and the first drug approved for histiocytic neoplasms.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	11	2022	15.5
210	Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200) Intravesical drug-eluting device · TAR-200 is a small pretzel-shaped device placed in the bladder that releases gemcitabine for three weeks at a time. It was approved in 2025 for early bladder cancer that no longer responds to BCG.	Approved2025	evidence + links	11	2025	15.5
211	Idecabtagene vicleucel CAR-T (BCMA) · Idecabtagene vicleucel was the first myeloma CAR-T (2021) and is now approved after two prior lines based on KarMMa-3.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	11	2024	15.5
212	Linvoseltamab Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Linvoseltamab is Regeneron's BCMA bispecific, approved in July 2025 with the highest complete-response rate of the class in its pivotal study.	Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	11	2025	15.5
213	Odronextamab Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Odronextamab is Regeneron's CD20 bispecific, approved in Europe for lymphoma and in the US for follicular lymphoma after earlier FDA rejections over confirmatory-trial enrolment.	Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	11	2025	15.5
214	Oxaliplatin Third-generation platinum (DACH-platinum) · The platinum drug that works in bowel cancer where cisplatin does not, the 'OX' in FOLFOX and CAPOX; its cost is nerve damage in hands and feet.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	11	2004	15.5
215	Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin Cytotoxic (liposomal anthracycline) · Doxorubicin wrapped in a fatty bubble so it reaches tumours with less heart damage; a workhorse of relapsed ovarian cancer.	Approved1995🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	11	1999	15.5
216	Penpulimab Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (IgG1, Fc-engineered null) · Penpulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody approved in the US in 2025 for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the second after toripalimab.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	11	2025	15.5
217	Progestins (megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone, levonorgestrel IUD) Hormonal therapy (progestin) · Progesterone-like hormones that can reverse early endometrial cancer in women who want to keep their uterus, and control advanced hormone-sensitive disease.	Approved1971🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	11	1971	15.5
218	Serplulimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Serplulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody with the largest survival gain of any first-line small-cell lung cancer immunotherapy trial, approved in China, Europe, and the UK but not yet the US.	Under review🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳	evidence + links	11	2025	15.5
219	Sevabertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · Sevabertinib is an oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancers with HER2 mutations, approved in November 2025 as an alternative to Enhertu and zongertinib.	Approved2025	evidence + links	11	2025	15.5
220	Sodium thiosulfate (otoprotectant) Small-molecule chemoprotectant · An old antidote proven in two paediatric trials to halve permanent hearing loss from cisplatin, and approved in 2022 as the first drug to prevent a chemotherapy side effect in children.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	11	2023	15.5
221	Vimseltinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (CSF1R) · Vimseltinib is a pill approved in February 2025 for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour, offering an alternative to repeated surgery.	Approved2025	evidence + links	11	2025	15.5
222	Vinorelbine Semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid · Vinorelbine is a vinca chemotherapy for lung and breast cancer, available orally, and is now part of maintenance therapy that improved survival in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	11	1994	15.5
223	Zongertinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · Zongertinib was the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer with HER2 mutations, approved in 2025 and moved to first line in 2026.	Approved2025🇨🇳	evidence + links	11	2026	15.5
224	Brenetafusp ImmTAC (PRAME TCR × CD3 bispecific) · Tebentafusp's successor: a soluble T-cell receptor that recognises a fragment of PRAME, a protein present in most melanomas and many other cancers, and drags T cells onto the tumour.	Phase 3	evidence + links	18	—	15
225	Cabazitaxel Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · A second taxane that works after docetaxel and beat a second hormone pill head-to-head (CARD).	Approved2010🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2010	15
226	Darolutamide Small-molecule AR antagonist · Darolutamide is an AR blocker that barely enters the brain, so it causes fewer falls and cognitive side effects; it is approved with and without chemotherapy.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2025	15
227	Erdafitinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (pan-FGFR) · The first targeted pill for bladder cancer, for the roughly 20% of tumours with FGFR3 alterations, used after immunotherapy.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2024	15
228	Fedratinib Small-molecule JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor · A second JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis that works after ruxolitinib fails; it carries a boxed warning for a rare brain toxicity (Wernicke encephalopathy) so thiamine is checked.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	10	2021	15
229	Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE) PET radiotracer (somatostatin receptor ligand) · The PET scan for neuroendocrine tumours that finds far more disease than older scans and confirms eligibility for lutetium radioligand therapy (the theranostic pair).	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	10	2020	15
230	Isatuximab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD38) · Isatuximab is Sanofi's CD38 antibody, approved in frontline transplant-ineligible myeloma (IMROZ) and, from July 2026, as an under-the-skin injection.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2026	15
231	Lapatinib Small-molecule reversible HER2/EGFR kinase inhibitor · Lapatinib was the first HER2-blocking pill (2007) and is now mostly a comparator arm and a late-line option, displaced by tucatinib and ADCs.	Approved2007🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2010	15
232	Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists GnRH agonist depot · Leuprolide is the injectable that shuts off testosterone production, the foundation of hormone therapy for prostate cancer since the 1980s; it is also used for ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	10	1989	15
233	Margetuximab Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · A trastuzumab look-alike with an engineered tail that binds immune cells more tightly; approved in 2020 but rarely used after ADCs arrived.	Approved2020🇨🇳	evidence + links	10	2020	15
234	Nadofaragene firadenovec Non-replicating adenoviral gene therapy (intravesical) · Nadofaragene firadenovec is the first gene therapy for bladder cancer: a virus that makes bladder cells produce interferon for weeks, given once every three months.	Approved2022🇪🇺	evidence + links	10	2022	15
235	NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV) Cytotoxic regimen · NALIRIFOX is a version of FOLFIRINOX using a liposome-wrapped irinotecan, approved in 2024 as a first-line option for metastatic pancreatic cancer.	Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2024	15
236	Neratinib Small-molecule irreversible pan-HER kinase inhibitor · A pill taken for a year after trastuzumab to further reduce recurrence in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer, limited by severe diarrhoea.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2020	15
237	Pacritinib Small-molecule JAK2/IRAK1/ACVR1 inhibitor · The JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis patients whose platelet counts are too low for ruxolitinib.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	10	2022	15
238	Pazopanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR/PDGFR/KIT) · Pazopanib is the only multi-kinase inhibitor approved for soft-tissue sarcoma (excluding fat-derived tumours), used after chemotherapy fails.	Approved2009🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2012	15
239	Pivekimab sunirine ADC (anti-CD123 antibody, IGN payload) · Pivekimab sunirine is an antibody-drug conjugate against CD123, approved in 2026 for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm as the second targeted drug for this rare cancer.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	10	2026	15
240	Pralsetinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET) · Pralsetinib is the second selective RET pill for lung cancer, less used than selpercatinib after a change of owner and label.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2020	15
241	Pyrotinib Small-molecule irreversible pan-HER kinase inhibitor · Pyrotinib is China's HER2 pill, widely used there with capecitabine and as a comparator for the new Chinese HER2 ADCs.	Not filed🇨🇳	evidence + links	10	2018	15
242	Relacorilant Small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor antagonist · A first-in-class drug that blocks cortisol signalling in tumour cells, approved in 2026 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with chemotherapy.	Approved2026	evidence + links	10	2026	15
243	Selinexor Small-molecule XPO1 (nuclear export) inhibitor · Selinexor is a first-in-class pill that traps tumour-suppressor proteins inside the nucleus; approved in myeloma, it failed its endometrial cancer test in 2026.	Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2020	15
244	Trastuzumab biosimilars Biosimilar monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · Near-identical copies of Herceptin, approved since 2017, that cut the price of HER2 treatment and widened access worldwide.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2017	15
245	Vandetanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET, VEGFR, EGFR) · Vandetanib was the first drug approved for medullary thyroid cancer (2011), now largely replaced by RET-selective selpercatinib.	Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	10	2011	15
246	Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2) Recombinant interleukin-2 (cytokine) · High-dose interleukin-2 was the first immunotherapy to cure a small fraction of patients with metastatic melanoma and kidney cancer, at the cost of ICU-level toxicity; today it mainly supports TIL therapy.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	9	1998	14.5
247	Capmatinib & tepotinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitors (MET) · Capmatinib and tepotinib are two pills for the roughly 3% of lung cancers with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	9	2020	14.5
248	Carfilzomib Proteasome inhibitor (irreversible) · Carfilzomib is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor with less nerve damage but more heart and blood-pressure effects.	Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	9	2015	14.5
249	CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine) Liposomal cytotoxic formulation · The two old chemotherapy drugs packed together into tiny fat bubbles at a fixed ratio, which doubled five-year survival in older adults with high-risk AML.	Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	9	2021	14.5
250	Erlotinib Small-molecule EGFR TKI (first generation, reversible) · Erlotinib was one of the first EGFR pills for lung cancer; it was approved before anyone knew EGFR mutations predicted who would respond, then redefined by them.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	9	2013	14.5
251	FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx Comprehensive genomic profiling test · The FDA-approved tissue (324 genes) and blood genomic tests that serve as companion diagnostics for dozens of drugs.	Approved2017🇯🇵🇪🇺	evidence + links	9	2017	14.5
252	Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel Cytotoxic regimen · Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is the gentler of the two standard chemotherapy backbones for pancreatic cancer, and the base on which most new drugs are being tested.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	9	2013	14.5
253	Lomustine (CCNU) Oral nitrosourea chemotherapy · An old chemotherapy pill used when glioblastoma comes back, and the control arm most new glioblastoma drugs must beat.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	9	1976	14.5
254	Mogamulizumab Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody · Mogamulizumab is an antibody that clears cancerous T cells from the blood in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	9	2018	14.5
255	Olutasidenib Small-molecule IDH1 inhibitor · Olutasidenib is a second IDH1 inhibitor for relapsed AML, with a higher response rate in its pivotal cohort than ivosidenib had in its own.	Approved2022	evidence + links	9	2022	14.5
256	Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu PET imaging agent · Piflufolastat F-18 (Pylarify) is the leading PSMA PET tracer for prostate cancer, with a new formulation approved in March 2026.	Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	9	2026	14.5
257	Sonesitatug vedotin ADC · Sonesitatug vedotin is a Claudin 18.2 ADC in phase 3 for gastric cancer, licensed by AstraZeneca from KYM Biosciences.	Phase 3	evidence + links	17	—	14.5
258	Tagraxofusp Recombinant cytotoxin (IL-3 fused to diphtheria toxin) · Tagraxofusp is a fusion of the growth factor IL-3 with a bacterial toxin that homes to CD123 on a rare, aggressive blood cancer.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧	evidence + links	9	2018	14.5
259	Trabectedin Cytotoxic (DNA minor-groove binder) · A chemotherapy derived from a sea squirt, used with liposomal doxorubicin in relapsed ovarian cancer in Europe and for sarcomas.	Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	9	2015	14.5
260	Zidesamtinib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ROS1) · A ROS1 inhibitor approved in July 2026 that works after other ROS1 drugs fail and avoids their brain side effects.	Approved2026	evidence + links	9	2026	14.5
261	Apalutamide Small-molecule AR antagonist · An AR blocker approved for prostate cancer that has spread and for high-risk disease before it shows on scans.	Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	8	2019	14
262	Autogene cevumeran Personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccine · BioNTech's personalised vaccine, notable for a small pancreatic cancer study where vaccine responders stayed cancer-free for years.	Phase 2	evidence + links	21	—	14
263	Bosutinib Small-molecule BCR-ABL1/SRC TKI · Bosutinib is a CML pill with less cardiovascular and pleural toxicity than its rivals; its main side effect is diarrhoea.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	8	2017	14
264	Cetuximab sarotalocan Photoimmunotherapy conjugate (anti-EGFR antibody–IR700 dye) · Cetuximab sarotalocan is an EGFR antibody carrying a light-activated dye: after infusion, a red laser is shone on the tumour and the cells burst. It has been approved in Japan since 2020.	Under review🇯🇵	evidence + links	8	2020	14
265	Cosibelimab Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (IgG1, ADCC-competent) · Cosibelimab is a PD-L1 antibody approved in December 2024 for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, offering a third immunotherapy choice.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	8	2024	14
266	Exemestane Small-molecule steroidal aromatase inactivator · Exemestane is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, the partner of everolimus and the agent tested with ovarian suppression in young women.	Approved1999🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	8	2005	14
267	Gallium-68 gozetotide (PSMA-11) PET imaging agent · Gallium-68 PSMA-11 was the first PSMA PET tracer approved in the US (2020), and is made on site from a generator or cyclotron.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺	evidence + links	8	2020	14
268	Gefitinib Small-molecule EGFR TKI (first generation, reversible) · The lung-cancer pill whose dramatic responses in a few patients led to the discovery of EGFR mutations in 2004.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	8	2015	14
269	Goserelin / leuprolide (ovarian function suppression) GnRH agonist · Monthly or 3-monthly injections that switch off the ovaries, letting premenopausal women use aromatase inhibitors and lowering recurrence in higher-risk cases.	Approved1989🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺	evidence + links	8	1989	14
270	Petosemtamab Bispecific antibody (EGFR × LGR5) · A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR while gripping LGR5, a marker of cancer stem cells, so it hits the cells that regrow tumours.	Phase 3	evidence + links	16	—	14
271	Ropeginterferon alfa-2b Long-acting mono-pegylated interferon alfa · Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a long-acting interferon for polycythaemia vera that, unlike hydroxyurea, can shrink the mutant clone over years.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	8	2021	14
272	Sonidegib Small-molecule smoothened inhibitor · Sonidegib (Odomzo) is the second hedgehog inhibitor for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, similar in effect and side effects to vismodegib.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	8	2015	14
273	Vinblastine Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor) · Vinblastine is the vinca alkaloid in ABVD, the standard Hodgkin lymphoma regimen, and was formerly in the cisplatin combinations that first cured testicular cancer.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	8	1965	14
274	Afatinib Small-molecule pan-ErbB TKI (second generation, irreversible) · Afatinib (Gilotrif) is an irreversible EGFR pill for lung cancer, notable for activity against uncommon EGFR mutations (G719X, L861Q, S768I).	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	2018	13.5
275	Belumosudil Oral ROCK2 inhibitor · Belumosudil is a pill for chronic graft-versus-host disease, the long-term immune complication of donor stem-cell transplants used to cure blood cancers.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	2021	13.5
276	BGB-16673 Small-molecule BTK degrader (CDAC) · Instead of blocking BTK, this pill destroys it, so it works even when the enzyme has mutated to escape every inhibitor.	Phase 3	evidence + links	15	—	13.5
277	Cladribine Purine nucleoside analogue · A one-week infusion that puts most people with hairy cell leukaemia into remission for years; also used in multiple sclerosis in tablet form.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	2004	13.5
278	Enasidenib Small-molecule IDH2 inhibitor · Enasidenib is the IDH2 counterpart of ivosidenib, approved in the US for relapsed disease but never approved in Europe after it failed to extend survival in a confirmatory trial.	Approved2017	evidence + links	7	2017	13.5
279	Eribulin Synthetic halichondrin B analogue (microtubule dynamics inhibitor) · A sea-sponge-derived chemotherapy that extended survival in heavily pretreated breast cancer and in liposarcoma, where almost nothing else had.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	2016	13.5
280	Giredestrant Oral SERD · Giredestrant is Roche's oral SERD: it failed to beat an aromatase inhibitor in first-line metastatic disease but succeeded after surgery and after CDK4/6 failure.	Phase 3	evidence + links	15	—	13.5
281	Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) Oral ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (cytoreductive) · Hydroxyurea is a cheap, decades-old pill that lowers high blood counts in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia and is also the main drug for sickle cell disease.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	1998	13.5
282	Idelalisib Small-molecule PI3Kδ inhibitor · Idelalisib was the first PI3K inhibitor for blood cancers; it is effective in CLL with rituximab but so toxic (colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, infections) that the class has largely been abandoned.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	2014	13.5
283	Pexidartinib Small-molecule CSF1R/KIT/FLT3 inhibitor · Pexidartinib is the first drug for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour; it is effective but has liver toxicity that requires a restricted programme.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	2019	13.5
284	Raludotatug deruxtecan ADC · Raludotatug deruxtecan is a CDH6 ADC in phase 3 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.	Phase 3	evidence + links	15	—	13.5
285	Rusfertide Hepcidin mimetic peptide · Rusfertide is the first drug to control polycythaemia vera's excess red cells by restricting iron, sparing patients repeated blood removal.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	7	2026	13.5
286	177Lu-PSMA-I&T Radioligand therapy (beta) · 177Lu-PSMA-I&T is a second PSMA radioligand, chemically different from Pluvicto, that has passed two phase 3 trials on progression but has not yet shown a survival benefit.	Phase 3	evidence + links	14	—	13
287	Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase) Enzyme therapy · An enzyme that starves leukaemia cells of an amino acid they cannot make; a mainstay of childhood ALL therapy for 50 years, with new versions solving allergy and supply problems.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	2021	13
288	Bicalutamide Oral first-generation non-steroidal antiandrogen · The old antiandrogen pill used to block the testosterone flare from GnRH agonists and in combined androgen blockade; superseded by enzalutamide-class drugs.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	1995	13
289	Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec Oncolytic adenovirus (intravesical) · Cretostimogene is a virus engineered to multiply only in bladder cancer cells with a broken RB pathway, instilled into the bladder. It cleared carcinoma in situ in 75% of BCG-unresponsive patients.	Phase 3	evidence + links	14	—	13
290	Duvelisib Small-molecule PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor · A dual PI3K inhibitor for relapsed CLL whose survival data raised FDA concern; use is now limited to late lines.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	2021	13
291	Fluciclovine F-18 PET radiotracer (synthetic amino acid) · Fluciclovine F-18 was the first PET tracer approved for finding recurrent prostate cancer after treatment (2016), and has been largely superseded since 2020 by PSMA PET.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	2017	13
292	Mifamurtide Liposomal muramyl tripeptide (macrophage activator) · An immune-activating drug approved in Europe for osteosarcoma after a trial suggested it improved survival; the FDA never approved it, and it remains one of oncology's transatlantic disagreements.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	2009	13
293	Relugolix Oral GnRH antagonist · Relugolix is the first hormone-suppressing pill for prostate cancer, working within days and wearing off quickly when stopped.	Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺	evidence + links	6	2020	13
294	Romidepsin Class I HDAC inhibitor (cyclic peptide) · Romidepsin is an epigenetic drug for T-cell lymphomas of the skin and lymph nodes; its US lymph-node indication was withdrawn when a confirmatory trial failed.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	2011	13
295	Technetium-99m tilmanocept Radiopharmaceutical lymphatic mapping agent · The purpose-built tracer for sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer, melanoma and oral cancer, replacing off-label sulfur colloid.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	2014	13
296	Thalidomide Oral cereblon modulator (first IMiD) · Thalidomide is the drug behind the 1960s birth-defect tragedy, rehabilitated as the first immunomodulatory myeloma drug and the parent of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	6	2008	13
297	177Lu-edotreotide Radioligand therapy (beta) · A second lutetium radioligand for neuroendocrine tumours that beat the standard pill everolimus in a head-to-head trial and is awaiting an FDA decision.	Phase 3	evidence + links	13	—	12.5
298	Arsenic trioxide Inorganic arsenical (differentiation agent) · An ancient poison turned cure: with retinoic acid it cures more than 95% of acute promyelocytic leukaemia without conventional chemotherapy.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2018	12.5
299	Belinostat Pan-HDAC inhibitor (hydroxamate) · Belinostat is an HDAC inhibitor for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a quarter of patients respond, and it can be used in patients with low platelets.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2014	12.5
300	Camrelizumab + rivoceranib PD-1 antibody + oral VEGFR2 inhibitor · A Chinese immunotherapy-plus-anti-angiogenic pill combination that clearly beat sorafenib in liver cancer, yet remains unapproved in the US after three manufacturing-related rejections.	Under review🇨🇳	evidence + links	13	2023	12.5
301	Degarelix GnRH antagonist depot · An injectable hormone blocker for prostate cancer that lowers testosterone within days without the initial surge caused by agonists.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2009	12.5
302	FAP-2286 (177Lu / 68Ga) Theranostic pair (peptide radioligand) · A FAP-targeted theranostic pair: one version images almost any solid tumour, the other treats it with radiation.	Phase 2	evidence + links	17	—	12.5
303	Flotufolastat F-18 PET imaging agent · Flotufolastat is a third PSMA PET tracer, with a radiohybrid chemistry designed to be reused for therapy.	Approved2023	evidence + links	5	2023	12.5
304	Fluoroestradiol F-18 (FES PET) PET radiotracer (oestrogen receptor ligand) · A PET scan that shows which breast cancer deposits still have oestrogen receptors, helping decide whether hormone therapy will work when biopsy is impractical.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2020	12.5
305	Glasdegib Small-molecule smoothened (hedgehog) inhibitor · Glasdegib is a hedgehog-pathway pill that, with low-dose chemotherapy, extends survival in older AML patients who cannot have intensive treatment; it has largely been displaced by venetoclax combinations.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2020	12.5
306	Ixazomib Oral proteasome inhibitor (boronate) · Ixazomib (Ninlaro) is the first oral proteasome inhibitor for multiple myeloma, enabling an all-oral triplet with lenalidomide and dexamethasone.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2016	12.5
307	Pafolacianine Folate receptor-targeted near-infrared fluorescent imaging agent · An injected dye that makes ovarian and lung cancer deposits glow during surgery so surgeons can find lesions they would otherwise miss.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2022	12.5
308	Pegulicianine Protease-activated fluorescent imaging agent · A cavity-imaging dye used during breast lumpectomy to spot leftover tumour before the operation ends, reducing second surgeries.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2024	12.5
309	Pralatrexate Antifolate (DHFR inhibitor) · Pralatrexate was the first drug approved specifically for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a third of patients respond.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2009	12.5
310	Rinatabart sesutecan ADC · Rinatabart sesutecan is a next-generation folate-receptor ADC with a topoisomerase payload that responds in both ovarian and endometrial cancer regardless of receptor level.	Phase 3	evidence + links	13	—	12.5
311	Sunvozertinib Small-molecule EGFR exon 20 insertion TKI (irreversible) · An oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer that succeeded where mobocertinib failed; approved in China (2023) and the US (2025).	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2025	12.5
312	Treosulfan Alkylating conditioning agent (busulfan analogue) · A conditioning chemotherapy given before donor stem-cell transplant in AML and MDS; it was long used in Europe and reached the US in 2025.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	2025	12.5
313	Tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) Oral retinoid (differentiation agent) · The vitamin-A derivative that made acute promyelocytic leukaemia the first cancer cured by differentiation therapy rather than by killing cells.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	5	1995	12.5
314	Brigatinib Small-molecule ALK/EGFR TKI (second generation) · Brigatinib is an ALK pill with strong brain activity, approved first after crizotinib and then first line after beating it in ALTA-1L.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	4	2020	12
315	Ceritinib Small-molecule ALK TKI (second generation) · Ceritinib is a second-generation ALK pill for lung cancer, effective after crizotinib but with gastrointestinal toxicity that limited uptake.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	4	2017	12
316	Dacomitinib Small-molecule pan-ErbB TKI (second generation, irreversible) · A second-generation EGFR pill that beat gefitinib on survival in EGFR-mutant lung cancer but was quickly overshadowed by osimertinib.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	4	2019	12
317	Elotuzumab Anti-SLAMF7 monoclonal antibody · An immune-stimulating antibody for myeloma that works only in combination, adding benefit to lenalidomide or pomalidomide.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	4	2018	12
318	Fianlimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-LAG-3) · Fianlimab is Regeneron's LAG-3 blocker. Promising early data with cemiplimab did not hold up against pembrolizumab in a first-line phase 3 in 2026.	Phase 3	evidence + links	12	—	12
319	Taletrectinib Small-molecule ROS1 TKI (next generation, CNS-penetrant) · A ROS1 lung-cancer pill approved in 2025 that works in the brain and after crizotinib, with fewer dizziness-type side effects than repotrectinib.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	4	2025	12
320	Tinengotinib Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-3, VEGFR, Aurora, JAK) · A next-generation FGFR inhibitor designed to work after pemigatinib or futibatinib stop working, now in a global phase 3.	Phase 3	evidence + links	12	—	12
321	Xaluritamig Bispecific T-cell engager (STEAP1×CD3, XmAb 2+1) · Xaluritamig is Amgen's T-cell engager for prostate cancer, now in two phase 3 trials, aiming to do for prostate cancer what tarlatamab did for small-cell lung cancer.	Phase 3	evidence + links	12	—	12
322	Zoldonrasib Small-molecule RAS(ON) G12D-selective inhibitor · The first drug aimed specifically at KRAS G12D, the single most common mutation in pancreatic cancer. Early combination data in 2026 showed half of previously treated patients responding.	Phase 2	evidence + links	16	—	12
323	5-Aminolevulinic acid (oral, for glioma surgery) Fluorescence-guided surgery agent (protoporphyrin IX precursor) · A drink taken before brain surgery that makes high-grade glioma glow under blue light, letting surgeons remove more tumour safely.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	3	2017	11.5
324	Ensartinib Small-molecule ALK TKI (second generation) · A Chinese-developed ALK pill approved in the US in December 2024 for first-line ALK-positive lung cancer.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	3	2024	11.5
325	Mevrometostat Small-molecule EZH2 inhibitor · An epigenetic drug that may re-sensitise prostate cancer to hormone therapy, in three phase 3 trials with enzalutamide.	Phase 3	evidence + links	11	—	11.5
326	Neladalkib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK) · A fourth-generation ALK pill that works after lorlatinib and avoids the TRK-related brain side effects; under FDA priority review with a decision due 27 November 2026.	Phase 3	evidence + links	11	—	11.5
327	Zilovertamab vedotin ADC · Zilovertamab vedotin is a ROR1-directed ADC in phase 3 for large B-cell lymphoma.	Phase 3	evidence + links	11	—	11.5
328	131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy Radioligand therapy (beta, norepinephrine transporter) · High-dose radioactive MIBG delivers radiation from inside neuroblastoma cells that take up noradrenaline; used for relapsed disease and tested in upfront therapy.	Established	evidence + links	10	—	11
329	212Pb-DOTAMTATE Targeted alpha therapy (lead-212) · An alpha-particle version of neuroendocrine radioligand therapy that produced responses in over half of patients who had never had PRRT, with FDA Breakthrough designation.	Phase 2	evidence + links	14	—	11
330	Divarasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Divarasib is Roche's KRAS G12C pill, the first to beat the two approved KRAS drugs head-to-head (July 2026).	Phase 3	evidence + links	10	—	11
331	Sipuleucel-T Autologous cellular immunotherapy (antigen-presenting cell vaccine) · Sipuleucel-T was the first therapeutic cancer vaccine approved (2010): it lengthened survival in metastatic prostate cancer by about four months without shrinking tumours or lowering PSA.	Not mapped hereapproved	evidence + links	2	2013	11
332	Anitocabtagene autoleucel CAR-T (BCMA, D-domain binder) · Anitocabtagene autoleucel is a BCMA CAR-T with a novel small synthetic binder that produced responses in 97% of heavily pretreated patients; an FDA decision is due in December 2026.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
333	ARX788 ADC · ARX788 is a HER2 ADC with a precisely placed, non-cleavable payload that beat lapatinib-capecitabine in China and showed activity in brain metastases.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
334	Atirmociclib Small-molecule CDK4-selective inhibitor · A next-generation pill that blocks only CDK4, not CDK6, to keep the benefit of today's drugs without the low blood counts.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
335	Decipher Prostate Gene-expression genomic classifier · A 22-gene test on the biopsy or surgical specimen that predicts spread and death, used to decide on surveillance or adding hormone therapy.	Established	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
336	Ficerafusp alfa Bifunctional antibody (EGFR × TGF-β trap) · Ficerafusp alfa is an EGFR antibody fused to a TGF-beta sponge, designed to remove the immune-suppressing signal that keeps HPV-negative throat cancers cold.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
337	Luveltamab tazevibulin ADC · A folate-receptor ADC designed to work across low and high receptor levels, in a pivotal ovarian cancer trial.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
338	Nemtabrutinib Small-molecule non-covalent BTK inhibitor · Nemtabrutinib is Merck's reversible BTK blocker, active against the C481S escape mutation, being tested against ibrutinib and acalabrutinib in first-line CLL.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
339	Olomorasib Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Olomorasib is Lilly's KRAS G12C pill, designed to combine safely with immunotherapy in first-line lung cancer.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
340	Pasritamig Bispecific T-cell engager (KLK2×CD3) · J&J's prostate-specific T-cell engager, notable for very little cytokine release in early trials.	Phase 3	evidence + links	9	—	10.5
341	Tilatamig samrotecan Bispecific ADC · AstraZeneca's EGFR×c-MET bispecific ADC, the most advanced in the most crowded next-generation ADC target pair.	Phase 2	evidence + links	13	—	10.5
342	AK146D1 Bispecific ADC · AK146D1 is Akeso's Nectin-4 × TROP2 bispecific ADC, combining the two most validated ADC addresses in one molecule.	Phase 1	evidence + links	16	—	10
343	Bemarituzumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-FGFR2b) · Bemarituzumab is an antibody against FGFR2b, a growth receptor overproduced in about a third of stomach cancers. It improved survival early in its phase 3 trial, but the gain faded with longer follow-up.	Phase 3	evidence + links	8	—	10
344	ELI-002 7P Off-the-shelf lymph-node-targeted KRAS peptide vaccine · A ready-made vaccine against the seven commonest KRAS mutations, given after pancreatic cancer surgery. Its phase 2 missed the main goal in 2026 but showed signs of activity.	Phase 2	evidence + links	12	—	10
345	Golcadomide Molecular glue degrader (CELMoD, IKZF1/3) · Golcadomide is a next-generation lenalidomide-like pill that degrades two lymphoma transcription factors far more potently, now in phase 3 with R-CHOP.	Phase 3	evidence + links	8	—	10
346	Letetresgene autoleucel TCR-T (NY-ESO-1) · Letetresgene autoleucel is a second engineered T-cell receptor therapy for sarcoma, targeting NY-ESO-1 in synovial sarcoma and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma; a BLA is expected by the end of 2026.	Phase 2	evidence + links	12	—	10
347	Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM) Oral cytotoxic regimen · CAPTEM (capecitabine plus temozolomide) is an all-oral chemotherapy pair that shrinks pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in about a third of patients.	Established	evidence + links	7	—	9.5
348	DCVax-L Autologous dendritic cell vaccine (tumour lysate) · A personalised vaccine made from the patient's own immune cells and tumour. Its 20-year-old phase 3 trial reported longer survival, but the way the result was analysed has divided the field.	Phase 3	evidence + links	7	—	9.5
349	Iberdomide CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · Iberdomide is a far more potent successor to lenalidomide, now in phase 3 as post-transplant maintenance and in relapsed disease.	Phase 3	evidence + links	7	—	9.5
350	MammaPrint (70-gene signature) Gene-expression prognostic assay · A 70-gene test that tells whether an early breast cancer is genomically low or high risk, used to decide who can skip chemotherapy.	Established	evidence + links	7	2007	9.5
351	Puxitatug samrotecan ADC · Puxitatug samrotecan is a B7-H4 ADC targeting a checkpoint-like protein enriched in breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers.	Phase 2	evidence + links	11	—	9.5
352	Trastuzumab brengitecan ADC · SystImmune's HER2 ADC, sharing its payload with iza-bren, now in a 1,450-patient trial to replace Kadcyla after surgery.	Phase 3	evidence + links	7	—	9.5
353	Mezigdomide CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · Mezigdomide is the most potent oral cereblon modulator, producing responses in about 40% of triple-class-refractory myeloma with dexamethasone alone.	Phase 3	evidence + links	6	—	9
354	Elironrasib Small-molecule RAS(ON) G12C-selective inhibitor · A next-generation KRAS G12C drug that hits the active form of the protein, from the same company as daraxonrasib.	Phase 2	evidence + links	9	—	8.5
355	Magrolimab Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD47) · The first 'don't eat me' signal blocker. Gilead paid $4.9B for it; it was stopped in 2024 after trials showed more deaths, not fewer.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	17	—	8.5
356	Tiragolumab Monoclonal antibody (anti-TIGIT) · An immune-brake blocker that looked excellent in a phase 2 lung cancer trial and then failed every phase 3.	Negative	evidence + links	14	—	7
357	Zelenectide pevedotin Bicycle toxin conjugate (Nectin-4, MMAE) · A tiny peptide instead of an antibody carries the same payload as Padcev to Nectin-4, with far less rash and neuropathy in early data, but its developer stepped back in 2026.	Phase 2	evidence + links	6	—	7
358	MRTX1133 Small-molecule non-covalent KRAS G12D inhibitor · MRTX1133 was the first potent chemical tool against KRAS G12D, and proved the mutation could be drugged even though it lacks the reactive handle G12C has.	Phase 1	evidence + links	9	—	6.5
359	Epacadostat Small molecule (IDO1 inhibitor) · An enzyme blocker meant to stop tumours starving T cells of tryptophan. Its 2018 phase 3 failure ended an entire class overnight.	Negative	evidence + links	10	—	5
360	Interferon alfa-2a/2b Recombinant type I interferon (cytokine) · Interferon alfa was the first biologic cancer drug (1986). It treated hairy cell leukaemia, CML, melanoma, kidney cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, and has been replaced almost everywhere by better-tolerated agents.	Historic	evidence + links	8	1995	5
361	Nintedanib Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR/FGFR/PDGFR) · An anti-angiogenic pill that looked promising in mesothelioma in a small trial but failed in the large one.	Negative	evidence + links	10	2014	5
362	Tazemetostat Small-molecule EZH2 inhibitor · Tazemetostat was the first EZH2 inhibitor, approved for epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma in 2020 and withdrawn worldwide in 2026 after secondary blood cancers.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	10	2020	5
363	Rindopepimut Peptide vaccine (EGFRvIII) · A vaccine against a glioblastoma-specific mutant protein that looked promising for years and then failed its phase 3 trial in 2016. It is a landmark failure.	Negative	evidence + links	9	—	4.5
364	Bempegaldesleukin Engineered cytokine (PEGylated IL-2) · Bempegaldesleukin was a re-engineered interleukin-2 meant to be a safer version of a famous old immunotherapy. It added nothing to nivolumab in three phase 3 trials.	Negative	evidence + links	8	—	4
365	Iniparib Small molecule (claimed PARP inhibitor) · Billed as the first PARP inhibitor for triple-negative breast cancer, it failed its phase 3 in 2011. It turned out not to inhibit PARP at all.	Negative	evidence + links	8	—	4
366	ADU-S100 (MIW815) Small molecule (STING agonist, intratumoural) · ADU-S100 was the first STING agonist in the clinic. Injected directly into tumours, it produced almost no responses, alone or with checkpoint blockade.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	7	—	3.5
367	Moxetumomab pasudotox Anti-CD22 immunotoxin (Pseudomonas exotoxin A fragment) · An immunotoxin for hairy cell leukaemia that produced lasting remissions in relapsed patients but was withdrawn from sale in 2023 for commercial reasons.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	7	2018	3.5
368	Rovalpituzumab tesirine ADC · Rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T) was the first drug against DLL3 in small-cell lung cancer. AbbVie bought it for $5.8B and abandoned it after two failed phase 3 trials. The target later worked with a different weapon.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	7	—	3.5
369	Copanlisib Intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor (α/δ predominant) · Copanlisib is an intravenous PI3K inhibitor for relapsed follicular lymphoma, approved in 2017 and withdrawn in 2023 when its confirmatory trial failed.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	6	2017	3
370	Eprenetapopt Small molecule (p53 reactivator) · Eprenetapopt (APR-246) was a drug meant to refold mutant p53, the most common broken protein in cancer. Its phase 3 in blood cancer failed in 2020.	Negative	evidence + links	6	—	3
371	Masofaniten Small-molecule AR N-terminal domain inhibitor · A drug designed to block the part of the androgen receptor that resistant variants keep; its phase 2 was stopped for futility and development ended.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	6	—	3
372	Umbralisib Oral PI3Kδ / CK1ε inhibitor · A PI3K inhibitor for marginal zone and follicular lymphoma approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2022 after the UNITY-CLL trial suggested more deaths.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	6	2021	3
373	Mobocertinib Small-molecule EGFR exon 20 insertion TKI (irreversible) · Mobocertinib was the first oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer, approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2023-24 after its confirmatory trial failed.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	5	2021	2.5
374	Trastuzumab duocarmazine ADC · A HER2 ADC with a DNA-alkylating payload that beat chemotherapy in a phase 3 trial yet never reached the market, because eye and lung toxicity and a stronger rival arrived first.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	5	—	2.5
375	Tusamitamab ravtansine ADC · Tusamitamab ravtansine was Sanofi's ADC against the classic CEA tumour marker, stopped for futility in lung cancer in 2023.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	5	—	2.5
376	Melphalan flufenamide Peptide-drug conjugate · A myeloma drug given accelerated approval in 2021 and withdrawn in the US months later when its confirmatory trial suggested it shortened survival.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	4	—	2
377	Panobinostat Pan-HDAC inhibitor · An HDAC inhibitor for relapsed myeloma approved in 2015 and withdrawn in 2021 after its confirmatory trial was never completed.	Withdrawn	evidence + links	2	2015	1

Abemaciclib

Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Abemaciclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor approved after surgery for high-risk hormone-positive breast cancer.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Abiraterone acetate

Small-molecule CYP17A1 inhibitor · Abiraterone is a pill that shuts down testosterone production everywhere, including inside the tumour. Discovered at the Institute of Cancer Research, now generic and used from the first metastatic diagnosis.

Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Acalabrutinib

Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (second generation) · Acalabrutinib is a cleaner BTK blocker with fewer heart and bleeding problems than ibrutinib. In February 2026 it became half of the first all-oral, fixed-duration CLL regimen.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Adagrasib

Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Adagrasib was the second KRAS G12C inhibitor, with a long half-life and brain penetration, and is approved in lung and colorectal cancer.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

Amivantamab

Bispecific antibody (EGFR×MET) · A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR and its escape partner MET, now first-line for EGFR-mutant lung cancer with lazertinib.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Atezolizumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · A PD-L1 blocker used in lung, liver, and bladder cancer. In 2026 it became the first drug approved based on a blood test showing leftover cancer after bladder surgery.

Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Axicabtagene ciloleucel

CAR-T (CD19) · A CD19 CAR-T that cures about 40% of patients with large B-cell lymphoma who had failed everything, and beat transplant in second line.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Azacitidine

Small-molecule hypomethylating agent (cytotoxic) · A gentle chemotherapy that switches silenced genes back on. With venetoclax it became the standard for older people with AML who cannot take intensive treatment.

Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Belzutifan

Small-molecule HIF-2α inhibitor · Belzutifan is the first HIF-2α inhibitor, born from Nobel-winning biology, and is now approved after kidney cancer surgery with pembrolizumab.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Bevacizumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGF) · The first drug to starve tumours of blood vessels. Approved in 2004 for bowel cancer, it remains a standard partner for chemotherapy in many cancers and is the add-on that makes late-line pills work better.

Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Blinatumomab

Bispecific T-cell engager (CD19×CD3) · Blinatumomab was the first T-cell engager (2014), and is now given to children and adults with leukaemia even when in remission, because it improves survival.

Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Bortezomib

Proteasome inhibitor · Bortezomib was the first proteasome inhibitor: it jams the cell's protein-recycling machine, which antibody-factory plasma cells cannot tolerate.

Approved2003🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Brentuximab vedotin

ADC · The ADC that made the modern field credible (2011), for Hodgkin lymphoma and CD30+ lymphomas.

Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Cabozantinib

Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (MET, VEGFR2, AXL, RET) · A pill that blocks both blood-vessel growth and the MET escape pathway, used in kidney, liver, thyroid and, since 2025, neuroendocrine cancers.

Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Camizestrant

Oral SERD · Camizestrant is an oral oestrogen-receptor degrader approved in September 2026 for a new kind of decision: switching treatment when a blood test shows resistance developing, before the cancer visibly grows.

Approved2026

Camrelizumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · One of China's most widely used PD-1 blockers, approved there for oesophageal, liver, lung, and other cancers; not approved in the US.

Under review🇨🇳

Capivasertib

Small-molecule AKT inhibitor · Capivasertib (Truqap) is the first AKT inhibitor, for breast cancer with PI3K-pathway mutations and, since 2026, for prostate cancer with PTEN loss.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin)

Cytotoxic regimen · CAPOX combines oral capecitabine with oxaliplatin as a pill-based alternative to FOLFOX. Three months of it after surgery is enough for many stage III colon cancers.

Not mapped hereapproved

Carboplatin

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (platinum) · Carboplatin is a platinum chemotherapy that crosslinks DNA; it is part of the standard pre-surgery regimen for triple-negative breast cancer.

Approved1989🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Cemiplimab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A PD-1 blocker that is the standard for advanced skin squamous cell carcinoma, and in 2025 became the first adjuvant immunotherapy for it.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Cetuximab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-EGFR) · An antibody that blocks the EGFR growth receptor. It works in bowel cancers with a normal RAS gene, especially left-sided ones, and is a key partner in the BRAF combination.

Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel

CAR-T (BCMA) · Ciltacabtagene autoleucel is a one-time BCMA CAR-T for myeloma that, in CARTITUDE-4, cut the risk of death by about 45% compared with standard regimens.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Cisplatin

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (platinum) · Cisplatin is the original platinum chemotherapy, discovered by accident in 1965; it cures testicular cancer and makes radiation work better in cervical and head and neck cancer.

Approved1978🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Cyclophosphamide

Alkylating agent (oxazaphosphorine prodrug) · One of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs: part of CHOP for lymphoma, AC for breast cancer, VAC for childhood sarcomas, and used to prepare patients for CAR-T and transplant.

Not mapped hereapproved

Dabrafenib + trametinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitors (BRAF + MEK) · Dabrafenib plus trametinib is the BRAF-plus-MEK pill combination, approved for BRAF V600E lung cancer and, since 2022, for any solid tumour with that mutation.

Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Dactinomycin (actinomycin D)

Actinomycin antibiotic (transcription inhibitor) · The first antibiotic used as an anticancer drug (1954) and still the core of chemotherapy for Wilms tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma and gestational trophoblastic disease.

Not mapped hereapproved

Daratumumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD38) · The CD38 antibody that turned triplets into quadruplets: adding it to standard induction roughly halves the risk of myeloma progressing.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Daraxonrasib

Small-molecule pan-RAS(ON) inhibitor · The first drug that blocks all active RAS variants, approved by the FDA in August 2026 for metastatic pancreatic cancer, where KRAS drives 90% of tumours.

Under review

Dasatinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BCR::ABL1, SRC) · Dasatinib is a second-generation BCR::ABL1 pill that, combined with the immunotherapy blinatumomab, can put Ph-positive ALL into deep remission with no chemotherapy at all.

Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Datopotamab deruxtecan

ADC · Datopotamab deruxtecan (Datroway) is the second TROP2 ADC and shares Enhertu's payload. In 2026 it became a first-line option for triple-negative breast cancer patients who cannot receive immunotherapy.

Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵

Dinutuximab (ch14.18) / dinutuximab beta

Monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2, chimeric) · The antibody that raised cure rates in high-risk childhood neuroblastoma by about 20 points when given after transplant with immune boosters and retinoid.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Disitamab vedotin

ADC · Disitamab vedotin is a Chinese HER2 ADC approved for gastric and bladder cancer, now in global trials with Pfizer.

Not filed🇨🇳

Docetaxel

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · The first chemotherapy to extend life in prostate cancer (2004), now part of triplet therapy at first metastatic diagnosis.

Approved1996🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Dostarlimab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Dostarlimab is a PD-1 blocker famous for making rectal cancer disappear without surgery in every patient with a mismatch-repair-deficient tumour.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

Doxorubicin

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (anthracycline) · The red chemotherapy drug from a soil bacterium that is still the backbone of treatment for sarcoma, lymphoma and breast cancer, limited by cumulative heart damage.

Approved1974🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Durvalumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · A PD-L1 blocker that became standard after chemoradiation for stage III lung cancer, and now in bladder, biliary, and gastric cancers.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Encorafenib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BRAF) · Encorafenib is a BRAF inhibitor that, with cetuximab and chemotherapy, became first-line standard for BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer in 2026.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Enfortumab vedotin

ADC · Enfortumab vedotin is an ADC against Nectin-4 that, combined with pembrolizumab, nearly doubled survival in advanced bladder cancer.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Enzalutamide

Small-molecule AR antagonist · The most widely used androgen-receptor blocker, approved across every stage of advanced prostate cancer, including rising PSA after surgery.

Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Epcoritamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Epcoritamab is an under-the-skin injection that pulls T cells onto lymphoma cells; it is approved for relapsed large B-cell and follicular lymphoma, and moving toward first line.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Etoposide

Topoisomerase II inhibitor (podophyllotoxin derivative) · Etoposide is a chemotherapy from the mayapple plant, essential to curing testicular cancer (BEP), treating small-cell lung cancer, lymphomas, childhood sarcomas and leukaemias, and used in transplant conditioning.

Not mapped hereapproved

Everolimus

Small-molecule mTOR inhibitor · An mTOR-blocking pill that doubled progression-free time with exemestane in 2012 and is now paired with the oral SERD giredestrant.

Approved2009🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Fluorouracil (5-FU)

Fluoropyrimidine antimetabolite · The 1957 chemotherapy that remains the backbone of treatment for bowel, stomach, pancreatic, anal, head and neck and breast cancers, and as a cream for skin precancers.

Not mapped hereapproved

FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin)

Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFOX is the workhorse chemotherapy combination for bowel cancer, used after surgery to cure and in advanced disease as the backbone that targeted drugs are added to.

Not mapped hereapproved

Gemcitabine + cisplatin

Cytotoxic regimen · Gemcitabine plus cisplatin has been the chemotherapy backbone for bile duct cancer since 2010 and is now given with immunotherapy.

Not mapped hereapproved

Glofitamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3, 2:1) · Glofitamab is a fixed-duration bispecific for large B-cell lymphoma, with OS benefit when combined with chemotherapy.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Ibrutinib

Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (first generation) · The pill that ended chemotherapy for most CLL. It blocks the survival signal B cells depend on, and it was the first drug to beat chemoimmunotherapy in nearly every CLL setting.

Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Ifosfamide

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (alkylating agent) · Ifosfamide is an alkylating chemotherapy partnered with doxorubicin in sarcoma and with etoposide in Ewing sarcoma, given with a bladder-protecting drug.

Approved1988🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Imatinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BCR-ABL, KIT, PDGFRA) · The drug that started the targeted therapy era in 2001, turning chronic myeloid leukaemia into a manageable condition with near-normal life expectancy.

Approved2001🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Ipilimumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4) · Ipilimumab was the first checkpoint inhibitor (2011), and proved the immune system could be unleashed against cancer.

Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Irinotecan (and liposomal irinotecan)

Topoisomerase I inhibitor (camptothecin prodrug) · Irinotecan is a topoisomerase-blocking chemotherapy central to bowel and pancreatic cancer regimens (FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX, NALIRIFOX) and to salvage therapy in childhood sarcomas; it carries the same warhead as the deruxtecan ADC payloads.

Not mapped hereapproved

Ivosidenib

Small-molecule IDH1 inhibitor · Ivosidenib is a pill that blocks the mutant IDH1 enzyme, approved in bile duct cancer and in leukaemia.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺

Lenalidomide

Immunomodulatory drug (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · A thalidomide descendant that switches on the cell's protein-disposal system against two myeloma survival factors, and is the backbone of myeloma maintenance and many lymphoma regimens.

Approved2005🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Lenvatinib

Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, RET, KIT) · An oral anti-angiogenic pill that matched sorafenib in liver cancer with higher response rates, and partners with pembrolizumab in kidney and endometrial cancer.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Letrozole (and other aromatase inhibitors)

Small-molecule aromatase inhibitor · Daily pills that stop the body making oestrogen after menopause, the backbone of hormone therapy for most breast cancers.

Approved1997🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Lifileucel

TIL cell therapy · Lifileucel was the first approved TIL therapy: the patient's own tumour-fighting immune cells are expanded to billions and given back.

Approved2024

Lisocabtagene maraleucel

CAR-T (CD19, defined CD4:CD8) · Lisocabtagene maraleucel is the only CAR-T approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, for patients whose disease has outrun both BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Lorlatinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK/ROS1) · An ALK inhibitor with the longest disease control ever recorded for a targeted lung cancer pill: 60% progression-free at five years.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Lurbinectedin

Cytotoxic (transcription inhibitor) · A marine-derived chemotherapy that jams cancer's gene-reading machinery, approved for relapsed small-cell lung cancer and, since 2025, as first-line maintenance with atezolizumab.

Approved2020🇦🇺

Lutetium-177 dotatate

Radioligand therapy (beta) · Lutetium-177 dotatate was the first modern radioligand therapy (2018), for neuroendocrine tumours, and is now used in first line.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan

Radioligand therapy (beta) · A radioactive drug that seeks out PSMA on prostate cancer cells; the best-selling radiopharmaceutical ever.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Melphalan (including hepatic delivery system)

Alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard) · The myeloma chemotherapy that is also the standard high-dose conditioning before autologous transplant, and, delivered directly into the liver's blood supply or the eye, treats uveal melanoma metastases and retinoblastoma.

Not mapped hereapproved

Methotrexate

Antifolate (DHFR inhibitor) · The 1948 antifolate that produced the first chemotherapy remissions in childhood leukaemia and the first cure of a solid tumour; still essential in ALL, lymphoma, osteosarcoma and CNS lymphoma.

Not mapped hereapproved

Mirvetuximab soravtansine

ADC · Mirvetuximab soravtansine (Elahere) is the first ADC for ovarian cancer, for tumours with high folate receptor alpha.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧

Niraparib

Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Niraparib is a PARP inhibitor approved as maintenance for ovarian cancer regardless of BRCA status, and in prostate cancer with abiraterone.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Nivolumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Nivolumab was the second PD-1 blocker and is often combined with ipilimumab. Long-term data show about half of advanced melanoma patients alive at 10 years on the combination.

Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Nonavalent HPV vaccine

Prophylactic vaccine (virus-like particles) · A vaccine against nine HPV types that prevents about 90% of cervical cancers, and now works with a single dose.

Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Obinutuzumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20, glycoengineered type II) · Obinutuzumab is a supercharged CD20 antibody that, paired with venetoclax for one year, gives many CLL patients years off all treatment.

Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Olaparib

Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Olaparib was the first PARP inhibitor, and turned an inherited BRCA mutation from a risk factor into a drug target, including after surgery in breast cancer.

Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Optune / Optune Pax (TTFields)

Device (tumour treating fields) · Optune is a wearable device delivering electric fields that disrupt cell division. It is approved for glioblastoma and, in 2026, pancreatic cancer.

Approved2011🇪🇺🇯🇵🇨🇳

Osimertinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (EGFR) · Osimertinib (Tagrisso) is the standard pill for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, now also given after surgery and with chemotherapy or after chemoradiation.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Paclitaxel / nab-paclitaxel

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · A microtubule poison discovered in the Pacific yew tree, among the most used chemotherapies in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.

Approved1992🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Palbociclib

Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Palbociclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor (2015), and in 2026 became the first approved as maintenance in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Pembrolizumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · The most widely used cancer immunotherapy, approved in more than 40 settings, including before and after surgery for triple-negative breast cancer.

Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Pertuzumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2, dimerisation domain) · A second HER2 antibody that binds a different spot from trastuzumab, blocking HER2 from pairing with HER3; together they extended survival by 16 months in CLEOPATRA.

Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Pirtobrutinib

Small-molecule non-covalent (reversible) BTK inhibitor · A BTK blocker that works after the older ones stop, because it grips a different part of the enzyme. Fully approved for CLL in December 2025.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵

Ponatinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (pan-BCR::ABL1 incl. T315I) · Ponatinib is the only BCR::ABL1 inhibitor that covers the T315I resistance mutation. In 2024 it became the preferred pill for newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL.

Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Ramucirumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGFR2) · An antibody that blocks the VEGF receptor, approved in liver cancer only for patients with a high AFP blood level, the first biomarker-selected HCC drug.

Approved2014🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Regorafenib

Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor · A sorafenib successor that became the first second-line drug proven to prolong life in liver cancer (2017).

Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Relatlimab + nivolumab

Fixed-dose bispecific combination (anti-LAG-3 + anti-PD-1) · Opdualag combines relatlimab, the first drug targeting the LAG-3 immune brake, with nivolumab for melanoma.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

Revumenib

Small-molecule menin inhibitor · Revumenib (Revuforj) is the first menin inhibitor (2024), for acute leukaemias with KMT2A rearrangements or NPM1 mutations.

Approved2024

Ribociclib

Small-molecule CDK4/6 inhibitor · Ribociclib is the CDK4/6 inhibitor with the most consistent survival benefit, approved for a broad population of early breast cancer patients since 2024.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Rituximab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD20, chimeric) · Rituximab was the first antibody ever approved for cancer (1997). It made chemoimmunotherapy the CLL standard for a decade, and biosimilars keep it cheap and everywhere.

Approved1997🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Sacituzumab govitecan

ADC · The first TROP2-targeted ADC. It delivers a strong chemotherapy directly to breast and bladder cancer cells and is now a first-line option in triple-negative breast cancer.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Satricabtagene autoleucel

CAR-T (Claudin 18.2) · Satricabtagene autoleucel (satri-cel) is the first CAR-T therapy approved for a solid tumour (gastric cancer), in China.

Under review🇨🇳

Selpercatinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET) · Selpercatinib is a selective RET inhibitor approved for any tumour with a RET fusion, with a further label update in July 2026.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Sonrotoclax

Small-molecule BCL-2 inhibitor (second generation) · Sonrotoclax is a more potent, shorter-acting successor to venetoclax. It was approved for mantle cell lymphoma in May 2026 and is in late-stage trials with zanubrutinib for CLL.

Approved2026🇨🇳

Sotorasib

Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Sotorasib (Lumakras) was the first drug to hit KRAS, approved in 2021 after four decades of failure.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Sunitinib

Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT) · Sunitinib is an anti-angiogenic pill approved for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, kidney cancer and GIST.

Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Talazoparib

Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · Talazoparib is the most potent PARP trapper, approved in BRCA breast cancer and with enzalutamide in prostate cancer.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Tarlatamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (DLL3×CD3) · The first T-cell engager to improve survival in a common solid tumour, small-cell lung cancer.

Approved2024🇯🇵

Tebentafusp

ImmTAC (TCR×CD3 bispecific) · The first drug to improve survival in metastatic uveal melanoma, and the first TCR-based bispecific.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

Teclistamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Teclistamab was the first off-the-shelf bispecific for multiple myeloma, and is now approved after just one prior line of therapy.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Temozolomide

Oral alkylating chemotherapy · The only chemotherapy proven to extend life in glioblastoma, given during and after radiation. It works best when the tumour has switched off a repair gene called MGMT.

Not mapped hereapproved

Tisagenlecleucel

CAR-T (CD19) · Tisagenlecleucel was the first CAR-T therapy ever approved (2017), for children and young adults whose leukaemia had come back after everything else.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

Tislelizumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker, engineered to avoid a side-channel that may blunt other PD-1 drugs, now approved in the US and EU for oesophageal and stomach cancer.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Toripalimab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · A Chinese-developed PD-1 blocker that became the first immunotherapy approved in the US for nasopharyngeal cancer.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺

Trastuzumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · The first targeted antibody for a solid tumour (1998), which turned HER2-positive breast cancer from the worst subtype into one of the most treatable.

Approved1998🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

Trastuzumab deruxtecan

ADC · Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) is the most successful ADC ever. It redefined HER2 by working in tumours with only tiny amounts of the protein, and in 2026 moved into early-stage breast cancer.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

100

Trastuzumab emtansine

ADC · Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, T-DM1) was the first ADC for a solid tumour (2013). It is still standard after surgery for HER2+ breast cancer patients whose tumour did not fully respond to pre-surgery treatment.

Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

101

Tucatinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · A HER2-selective pill that works in the brain, for HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastases.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺

102

Venetoclax

Small-molecule BCL-2 inhibitor · A pill that removes the survival shield from leukaemia cells, enabling chemotherapy-free, time-limited treatment for CLL.

Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

103

Vepdegestrant

PROTAC oestrogen receptor degrader · Vepdegestrant is the first PROTAC ever approved (2026): a pill that tags the oestrogen receptor for destruction, for breast cancers with ESR1 mutations.

Approved2026

104

Vincristine

Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor) · A plant-derived chemotherapy from the Madagascar periwinkle that has been in almost every childhood leukaemia and lymphoma regimen since the 1960s.

Not mapped hereapproved

105

Vusolimogene oderparepvec

Oncolytic virus (HSV-1) · Vusolimogene oderparepvec is an engineered herpes virus injected into melanoma tumours, approved in August 2026 with nivolumab after immunotherapy failure.

Approved2026

106

Zanidatamab

Biparatopic bispecific antibody (HER2) · Zanidatamab (Ziihera) is an antibody that grabs HER2 at two different spots, approved for HER2+ bile duct cancer.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳

107

Zanubrutinib

Small-molecule covalent BTK inhibitor (second generation) · Zanubrutinib is the only BTK blocker to beat ibrutinib on both efficacy and safety in a head-to-head trial. It is now the most prescribed BTK inhibitor in CLL.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

108

Ziftomenib

Small-molecule menin inhibitor · Ziftomenib is the second menin inhibitor for leukaemia, approved in November 2025 as a once-daily pill for relapsed NPM1-mutated AML.

Approved2025

109

ArteraAI Prostate

AI digital pathology prognostic/predictive test · The first AI tool cleared by the FDA to predict both prognosis and treatment benefit from a routine biopsy slide, in prostate cancer.

Approved2025

19.5

110

Elacestrant

Oral SERD · Elacestrant was the first oral oestrogen-receptor degrader (2023), for ESR1-mutant breast cancer detected by blood test.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

19.5

111

Intravesical BCG

Live bacterial immunotherapy (intravesical) · A weakened tuberculosis vaccine put directly into the bladder. Since 1976 it has been the most effective treatment for early bladder cancer, and it remains in chronic short supply.

Not mapped hereapproved

19.5

112

Pemetrexed

Cytotoxic (antifolate) · Pemetrexed is the chemotherapy that, with a platinum drug, became the first approved treatment for mesothelioma in 2004, and is still the backbone today.

Approved2004🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

19.5

113

Platinum + etoposide (EP / CE)

Cytotoxic regimen · Platinum plus etoposide has been the chemotherapy backbone of small-cell lung cancer for over 40 years, and is now given with immunotherapy.

Not mapped hereapproved

19.5

114

Ripretinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (KIT/PDGFRA switch-control) · A fourth-line GIST drug that locks KIT in an off state regardless of which resistance mutation the tumour has acquired.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺

19.5

115

Shield

Blood-based colorectal cancer screening test · The first FDA-approved blood test for colorectal cancer screening (2024), now optionally reporting other cancers too.

Approved2024

19.5

116

Tamoxifen

Small-molecule SERM · The original targeted cancer drug (1977): a pill that blocks oestrogen's effect on breast cancer and halves recurrence, still essential for premenopausal women.

Approved1977🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

19.5

117

Vemurafenib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (BRAF V600) · Vemurafenib was the first BRAF inhibitor (2011); it shrank melanomas in weeks and proved that a single mutation could be drugged in a solid tumour.

Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

19.5

118

Zolbetuximab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-Claudin 18.2) · Zolbetuximab is the first drug against Claudin 18.2, a protein exposed on stomach cancer cells. Added to chemotherapy it extends survival by two to three months; nausea is the price.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

19.5

119

Afamitresgene autoleucel

TCR-T (MAGE-A4) · Afamitresgene autoleucel was the first engineered T-cell receptor therapy approved for a solid tumour, synovial sarcoma.

Approved2024

120

Asciminib

Small-molecule allosteric ABL1 inhibitor (STAMP) · Asciminib is a BCR::ABL1 blocker that binds a different pocket from every other TKI, approved for all newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia in 2024 and now being tested in Ph-positive ALL.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

121

Avelumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-L1) · Avelumab is a PD-L1 blocker given as maintenance after chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer, which lengthened survival by about seven months.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

122

Belantamab mafodotin

ADC · A myeloma ADC that was withdrawn in 2022 then came back in 2025 after strong trials in earlier lines.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳

123

Polatuzumab vedotin

ADC · Polatuzumab vedotin is an ADC against CD79b that, swapped into the classic R-CHOP regimen, became the first improvement on frontline lymphoma therapy in twenty years.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

124

Topotecan

Cytotoxic (topoisomerase-I inhibitor) · Topotecan is the long-standing second-line chemotherapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer, and now the comparator that new drugs must beat.

Approved1996🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

125

Cytarabine + anthracycline ('7+3')

Cytotoxic regimen · The intensive chemotherapy that has induced remission in fit AML patients since 1973: seven days of one drug, three of another. Still the backbone that targeted drugs are added to.

Not mapped hereapproved

18.5

126

Inotuzumab ozogamicin

ADC · Inotuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody carrying a DNA-cutting toxin to CD22 on leukaemia cells. It gets far more relapsed ALL patients into remission than chemotherapy and bridges them to transplant.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

18.5

127

Larotrectinib

Small-molecule pan-TRK inhibitor (first generation) · The first drug approved for a gene fusion regardless of where the cancer started; it works in about 75% of NTRK-fusion cancers, from infant fibrosarcoma to salivary and thyroid cancers.

Not mapped hereapproved

18.5

128

Sorafenib

Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR, PDGFR, RAF) · The first drug ever to extend life in advanced liver cancer (2007), now mostly a comparator arm that newer combinations are measured against.

Approved2005🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

18.5

129

Bleomycin

Glycopeptide antibiotic (DNA-cleaving) · Bleomycin is the 'B' in BEP for testicular cancer and ABVD for Hodgkin lymphoma; its unique danger is scarring of the lungs, so lung function is monitored and it is often dropped when safe.

Not mapped hereapproved

130

Entrectinib

Small-molecule TRK/ROS1/ALK TKI (CNS-penetrant) · Entrectinib (Rozlytrek) is a pill for NTRK-fusion cancers and ROS1 lung cancer that reaches brain metastases.

Not mapped hereapproved

131

Gilteritinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FLT3, type I) · A single pill that beats salvage chemotherapy for relapsed FLT3-mutated AML, and the backbone of the triplets now being tested in frontline disease.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

132

Mosunetuzumab

Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Mosunetuzumab is a fixed-duration CD20 bispecific approved for follicular lymphoma and studied with polatuzumab in large B-cell lymphoma.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

133

Radium-223 dichloride

Targeted alpha therapy (bone-seeking) · Radium-223 was the first alpha-emitting drug ever approved (2013). It homes to bone like calcium and treats prostate cancer that has spread only to bone.

Approved2013🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

134

Ruxolitinib

Small-molecule JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor · Ruxolitinib was the first JAK inhibitor: it shrinks the spleen and relieves symptoms in myelofibrosis and controls blood counts in polycythaemia vera, without eliminating the disease clone.

Not mapped hereapproved

135

Tafasitamab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD19, Fc-enhanced) · A CD19 antibody given with lenalidomide for lymphoma patients who cannot have a transplant; in 2026 it showed the first frontline gain over R-CHOP in high-risk disease.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

136

Talimogene laherparepvec

Oncolytic virus (HSV-1) · Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic) was the first approved oncolytic virus (2015), injected into melanoma skin lesions.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

137

Tisotumab vedotin

ADC · Tisotumab vedotin is an ADC against tissue factor, the first to show a survival benefit in recurrent cervical cancer.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵

138

Zenocutuzumab

Bispecific antibody (HER2×HER3) · Zenocutuzumab is the first drug for cancers driven by NRG1 gene fusions, working by blocking HER3 from receiving its growth signal.

Approved2024

139

Axitinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR) · Axitinib is a selective VEGF-receptor pill, now given mainly with pembrolizumab or avelumab as first-line kidney cancer treatment.

Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

17.5

140

Decitabine + cedazuridine (oral)

Oral hypomethylating agent · Oral decitabine-cedazuridine is a pill version of the hypomethylating chemotherapy that, since May 2026, lets older AML patients take their whole venetoclax regimen at home.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

17.5

141

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin

ADC · Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) was the very first ADC: approved in 2000, withdrawn in 2010 for toxicity, and re-approved in 2017 at a lower fractionated dose. Its history is cautionary and instructive.

Approved2000🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

17.5

142

Luspatercept

Erythroid maturation agent (activin receptor IIB ligand trap, Fc fusion) · An injection that helps the marrow finish making red cells, reducing or removing the need for transfusions in lower-risk MDS and beta-thalassaemia.

Not mapped hereapproved

17.5

143

Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept

IL-15 superagonist (intravesical, with BCG) · Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept is an engineered version of the immune-boosting protein IL-15, given with BCG into the bladder, approved in 2024 for early bladder cancer that BCG alone no longer controls.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧

17.5

144

Radioactive iodine (I-131)

Radiopharmaceutical (beta/gamma emitter, natural uptake) · The original targeted radiotherapy: thyroid cells soak up iodine, so radioactive iodine destroys leftover thyroid tissue and metastases while sparing everything else.

Approved1951🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

17.5

145

Retifanlimab

Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (IgG4) · Retifanlimab is a PD-1 antibody approved for Merkel cell carcinoma and, with chemotherapy, as the first immunotherapy standard for advanced anal cancer.

Not mapped hereapproved

17.5

146

Somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide)

Peptide hormone analogue (SSTR2 agonist) · Monthly injections of a synthetic hormone that both quiets tumour hormone symptoms and slows tumour growth, the first treatment for most neuroendocrine tumours.

Approved1988🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

17.5

147

Telisotuzumab vedotin

ADC · Telisotuzumab vedotin (Emrelis) is the first c-MET-directed ADC, approved in 2025 for lung cancer with high c-MET protein.

Approved2025

17.5

148

Vismodegib

Small-molecule smoothened (hedgehog) inhibitor · Vismodegib was the first hedgehog-pathway drug, for basal cell carcinomas too advanced for surgery; it shrinks most tumours but muscle cramps, taste loss and hair loss make long-term use hard.

Not mapped hereapproved

17.5

149

Vorasidenib

Small-molecule IDH1/2 inhibitor · The first targeted therapy for low-grade brain tumours, delaying the need for radiation and chemotherapy by years.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

17.5

150

Avutometinib + defactinib

Small-molecule RAF/MEK clamp + FAK inhibitor · Avutometinib plus defactinib is the first treatment approved specifically for low-grade serous ovarian cancer, a slow-growing type driven by the RAS pathway.

Approved2025

151

Bendamustine

Alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard-purine hybrid) · An East German chemotherapy rediscovered in the 2000s that became the backbone partner for rituximab in follicular, mantle cell and Waldenström lymphomas.

Not mapped hereapproved

152

Elranatamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Elranatamab is Pfizer's BCMA bispecific, given under the skin every week then every two weeks, for myeloma after four prior lines.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

153

FLOT (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel)

Cytotoxic regimen · FLOT is the four-drug chemotherapy given before and after surgery for stomach cancer in the West; since 2025 immunotherapy is added to it.

Not mapped hereapproved

154

FOLFIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan)

Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFIRI is the other backbone bowel-cancer chemotherapy, swapping oxaliplatin for irinotecan. Used first or second line and, since 2026, with the BRAF combination.

Not mapped hereapproved

155

Imlunestrant

Oral SERD · Imlunestrant is Lilly's oral oestrogen-receptor degrader, approved in 2025 for ESR1-mutant breast cancer and shown to work with abemaciclib regardless of mutation.

Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵

156

Inavolisib

Small-molecule PI3Kα inhibitor and degrader · Inavolisib is a PI3K drug that also destroys the mutant protein, approved in 2024 with palbociclib and fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳

157

Lazertinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (EGFR) · A third-generation EGFR pill used together with amivantamab as the first regimen to beat osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳

158

Naxitamab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2, humanised) · Naxitamab is a humanised anti-GD2 antibody from Memorial Sloan Kettering, given as an outpatient with GM-CSF for relapsed neuroblastoma in bone or marrow.

Approved2020🇨🇳

159

Nirogacestat

Small-molecule gamma-secretase inhibitor · Nirogacestat is the first approved medicine for desmoid tumours, locally invasive growths that do not spread but can be crippling; it works by blocking Notch signalling.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧

160

Panitumumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-EGFR) · Panitumumab is a fully human EGFR antibody, the preferred first-line partner for chemotherapy in left-sided, RAS-normal bowel cancer after the PARADIGM trial.

Approved2006🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

161

Quizartinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FLT3-ITD, type II) · Quizartinib is a more selective FLT3 blocker that, added to chemotherapy, roughly doubled median survival in the highest-risk FLT3 subtype.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳

162

Tovorafenib

Small-molecule type II RAF inhibitor · Tovorafenib is a pill for the most common childhood brain tumour, low-grade glioma driven by BRAF changes, approved in 2024.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧

163

Tremelimumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CTLA-4) · Tremelimumab is AstraZeneca's CTLA-4 antibody, given as a single priming dose with durvalumab and chemotherapy in lung and liver cancer.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

164

Trifluridine/tipiracil

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (oral nucleoside) · An oral chemotherapy pill for bowel cancer that has stopped responding to everything else; with bevacizumab it extends life by about three months.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

165

Avapritinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (PDGFRA D842V / KIT) · Avapritinib is the first drug for GIST driven by the PDGFRA D842V mutation, which resists every other kinase inhibitor; it is also approved for systemic mastocytosis.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺

16.5

166

Crizotinib

Small-molecule ALK/ROS1/MET TKI (first generation) · Crizotinib was the first ALK inhibitor, approved four years after ALK fusions were found in lung cancer; it was also the first drug for ROS1 lung cancer and for ALK-positive lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in children.

Not mapped hereapproved

16.5

167

Eflornithine (DFMO)

Small-molecule ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor · Eflornithine (DFMO) is an old sleeping-sickness drug repurposed as the first oral maintenance therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma, approved in December 2023 to reduce relapse after immunotherapy.

Approved2023

16.5

168

Fulvestrant

Injectable SERD · Fulvestrant is a monthly injection that destroys the oestrogen receptor; it is the standard partner for many targeted drugs after hormone therapy stops working.

Approved2002🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

16.5

169

Gemcitabine

Nucleoside analogue (deoxycytidine) · A versatile chemotherapy used in pancreatic, bladder, lung, ovarian, breast and biliary cancers, in nasopharyngeal cancer, and as a bladder instillation.

Not mapped hereapproved

16.5

170

Loncastuximab tesirine

ADC · Loncastuximab tesirine (Zynlonta) is a CD19 ADC with a DNA-crosslinking payload for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳

16.5

171

Midostaurin

Small-molecule multikinase inhibitor (FLT3) · The first drug to improve survival in FLT3-mutated AML, added to standard chemotherapy: median survival went from about two years to more than six.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

16.5

172

Mitomycin C

Alkylating antibiotic (bioreductive) · The chemotherapy given with radiation to cure anal cancer without surgery, used as a bladder instillation after tumour resection, and since 2020-25 in gel form for upper-tract and recurrent bladder cancers.

Not mapped hereapproved

16.5

173

Obecabtagene autoleucel

CAR-T (CD19, fast off-rate) · A CD19 CAR-T built to grip and release quickly, which cut severe side effects and gave adults with relapsed ALL a real chance at durable remission.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧

16.5

174

Rucaparib

Small-molecule PARP inhibitor · A PARP inhibitor for BRCA-mutated ovarian and prostate cancer whose original maker went bankrupt; still available, with a narrowed label.

Approved2016🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

16.5

175

Talquetamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (GPRC5D×CD3) · Talquetamab is the first drug against GPRC5D, a second myeloma target used after BCMA therapies stop working; taste and skin side effects are its signature.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

16.5

176

Trastuzumab rezetecan

ADC · Hengrui's HER2 ADC, approved in China for lung cancer and showing Enhertu-scale results in breast cancer, part of a wave of Chinese ADCs heading for global trials.

Not mapped here🇨🇳

16.5

177

Actinium-225 PSMA agents

Targeted alpha therapy · Alpha-emitting PSMA drugs that produce responses even after Pluvicto fails, held back mainly by isotope supply.

Phase 3

178

Alectinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK) · Alectinib is a well-tolerated ALK pill, standard first line for years and, since 2024, the first targeted therapy given after surgery for ALK-positive lung cancer.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

179

Bevacizumab (glioblastoma use)

Monoclonal antibody (anti-VEGF) · A blood-vessel-blocking antibody that shrinks glioblastoma on scans and reduces swelling, but has never been shown to help patients live longer.

Approved2009🇯🇵🇦🇺

180

Binimetinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (MEK1/2) · Binimetinib is the MEK inhibitor partnered with encorafenib; blocking the next step in the same relay stops the tumour rerouting around the BRAF block.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

181

Cadonilimab

Bispecific antibody (PD-1×CTLA-4) · A Chinese two-armed antibody that blocks PD-1 and CTLA-4 together, approved in China for cervical cancer and extending survival even in PD-L1-negative tumours.

Not filed🇨🇳

182

Dordaviprone

Small-molecule imipridone (ClpP agonist / DRD2 antagonist) · Dordaviprone is the first drug ever approved for a lethal childhood and young-adult brain tumour, diffuse midline glioma with the H3 K27M mutation (August 2025).

Approved2025

183

FOLFIRINOX / mFOLFIRINOX

Cytotoxic regimen · FOLFIRINOX is a four-drug chemotherapy combination that, in 2011, became the first treatment to meaningfully extend life in metastatic pancreatic cancer; it is now the standard before and after surgery.

Not mapped hereapproved

184

Fruquintinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR1-3) · A Chinese-discovered pill that blocks the blood-vessel receptors, approved in 2023 for bowel cancer after all standard treatments.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

185

Futibatinib

Small-molecule irreversible kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-4) · Futibatinib is a covalent FGFR inhibitor for FGFR2-fusion bile duct cancer, with the highest response rate of the first-generation drugs.

Approved2022🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵

186

Galleri

Multi-cancer early detection blood test · A blood test screening for more than 50 cancers at once, before the FDA in September 2026.

Phase 3

187

Gedatolisib

Small-molecule pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor · An intravenous drug that blocks the whole PI3K/mTOR pathway, approved in July 2026 for hormone-positive breast cancer.

Approved2026

188

Ifinatamab deruxtecan

ADC · Ifinatamab deruxtecan is a B7-H3 ADC showing some of the best response rates ever seen in relapsed small-cell lung cancer.

Phase 3

189

Imetelstat

Telomerase inhibitor (oligonucleotide) · Imetelstat is the first telomerase-blocking drug approved for any cancer; it frees many lower-risk MDS patients from transfusions after growth factors have failed.

Not mapped hereapproved

190

Intismeran autogene

Personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccine · A custom mRNA vaccine encoding up to 34 of a patient's own tumour mutations. In August 2026 it became the first personalised cancer vaccine to win a phase 3 trial.

Phase 3

191

Ivonescimab

Bispecific antibody (PD-1×VEGF) · A Chinese bispecific that beat Keytruda head-to-head on progression-free survival in lung cancer, the first drug ever to do so.

Under review🇨🇳

192

Izalontamab brengitecan

Bispecific ADC · Izalontamab brengitecan is the first bispecific ADC to succeed in a phase 3 trial, hitting two growth receptors at once in triple-negative breast cancer.

Phase 3

193

Mitotane

Adrenolytic agent (DDD derivative) · A relative of the insecticide DDT that is the only drug specific to adrenal cortex cancer; it needs blood-level monitoring and permanent steroid replacement.

Not mapped hereapproved

194

Momelotinib

Small-molecule JAK1/JAK2/ACVR1 inhibitor · Momelotinib is the JAK inhibitor designed for anaemic myelofibrosis patients: it can improve haemoglobin while shrinking the spleen.

Not mapped hereapproved

195

Nilotinib

Small-molecule BCR-ABL1 TKI (second generation) · Nilotinib is a second-generation CML pill that produces deeper responses faster than imatinib, at the cost of cardiovascular and metabolic side effects.

Not mapped hereapproved

196

Oncotype DX

Gene-expression prognostic/predictive assay · A 21-gene test that tells most women with early hormone-positive breast cancer whether they can safely skip chemotherapy.

Established

197

Patritumab deruxtecan

ADC · A HER3-directed ADC with Enhertu's payload, active in lung and all subtypes of breast cancer, but with a bumpy regulatory road.

Phase 3

198

Pemigatinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-3) · Pemigatinib was the first targeted therapy for bile duct cancer, for tumours with an FGFR2 gene fusion.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

199

Pomalidomide

Oral cereblon E3 ligase modulator (IMiD) · The third-generation thalidomide analogue for myeloma that has failed lenalidomide, and since 2020 the first new drug for Kaposi sarcoma in two decades.

Not mapped hereapproved

200

Repotrectinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ROS1 / NTRK) · A ROS1 and NTRK pill that also works after other ROS1 drugs fail, with dizziness as its signature side effect.

Approved2023🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳

201

Sacituzumab tirumotecan

ADC · Sacituzumab tirumotecan is a third TROP2 ADC from China, licensed to Merck for a very large global programme. It is approved in China; in the US it has a priority voucher but not yet approval.

Under review🇨🇳

202

Signatera

Tumour-informed ctDNA MRD test · The most widely used blood test for detecting leftover cancer after surgery, personalised to each patient's tumour mutations.

Established

203

Temsirolimus

Intravenous mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin analogue) · A weekly infusion that was the first drug to extend survival in poor-risk kidney cancer (2007), and in 2024 the first targeted drug to improve outcomes in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.

Not mapped hereapproved

204

Tivozanib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR) · Tivozanib is a highly selective VEGF-receptor pill for kidney cancer after two or more prior treatments, notable for its tolerability and for a trial that closed the door on immunotherapy rechallenge.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧

205

Actinium-225 DOTATATE

Targeted alpha therapy · An alpha-particle version of Lutathera for neuroendocrine tumours that have stopped responding to the beta version.

Phase 3

15.5

206

Alpelisib

Small-molecule PI3Kα inhibitor · Alpelisib was the first PI3K drug for PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer (2019). It is effective, but high blood sugar and rash limited its use, and newer drugs are displacing it.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

15.5

207

ArteraAI Breast

AI digital pathology risk test · An FDA-cleared AI test (May 2026) that reads breast cancer slides to estimate recurrence risk in early hormone-positive disease.

Approved2026

15.5

208

Brexucabtagene autoleucel

Autologous CD19 CAR-T (CD28 costimulatory domain) · Brexucabtagene autoleucel is the CAR-T therapy for mantle cell lymphoma and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, giving long remissions after BTK inhibitors fail.

Not mapped hereapproved

15.5

209

Cobimetinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (MEK1/2) · Cobimetinib is the MEK partner for vemurafenib, and the first drug approved for histiocytic neoplasms.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

15.5

210

Gemcitabine intravesical system (TAR-200)

Intravesical drug-eluting device · TAR-200 is a small pretzel-shaped device placed in the bladder that releases gemcitabine for three weeks at a time. It was approved in 2025 for early bladder cancer that no longer responds to BCG.

Approved2025

15.5

211

Idecabtagene vicleucel

CAR-T (BCMA) · Idecabtagene vicleucel was the first myeloma CAR-T (2021) and is now approved after two prior lines based on KarMMa-3.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

15.5

212

Linvoseltamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (BCMA×CD3) · Linvoseltamab is Regeneron's BCMA bispecific, approved in July 2025 with the highest complete-response rate of the class in its pivotal study.

Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧

15.5

213

Odronextamab

Bispecific T-cell engager (CD20×CD3) · Odronextamab is Regeneron's CD20 bispecific, approved in Europe for lymphoma and in the US for follicular lymphoma after earlier FDA rejections over confirmatory-trial enrolment.

Approved2025🇪🇺🇬🇧

15.5

214

Oxaliplatin

Third-generation platinum (DACH-platinum) · The platinum drug that works in bowel cancer where cisplatin does not, the 'OX' in FOLFOX and CAPOX; its cost is nerve damage in hands and feet.

Not mapped hereapproved

15.5

215

Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin

Cytotoxic (liposomal anthracycline) · Doxorubicin wrapped in a fatty bubble so it reaches tumours with less heart damage; a workhorse of relapsed ovarian cancer.

Approved1995🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

15.5

216

Penpulimab

Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (IgG1, Fc-engineered null) · Penpulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody approved in the US in 2025 for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the second after toripalimab.

Not mapped hereapproved

15.5

217

Progestins (megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone, levonorgestrel IUD)

Hormonal therapy (progestin) · Progesterone-like hormones that can reverse early endometrial cancer in women who want to keep their uterus, and control advanced hormone-sensitive disease.

Approved1971🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

15.5

218

Serplulimab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1) · Serplulimab is a Chinese PD-1 antibody with the largest survival gain of any first-line small-cell lung cancer immunotherapy trial, approved in China, Europe, and the UK but not yet the US.

Under review🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳

15.5

219

Sevabertinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · Sevabertinib is an oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancers with HER2 mutations, approved in November 2025 as an alternative to Enhertu and zongertinib.

Approved2025

15.5

220

Sodium thiosulfate (otoprotectant)

Small-molecule chemoprotectant · An old antidote proven in two paediatric trials to halve permanent hearing loss from cisplatin, and approved in 2022 as the first drug to prevent a chemotherapy side effect in children.

Not mapped hereapproved

15.5

221

Vimseltinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (CSF1R) · Vimseltinib is a pill approved in February 2025 for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour, offering an alternative to repeated surgery.

Approved2025

15.5

222

Vinorelbine

Semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid · Vinorelbine is a vinca chemotherapy for lung and breast cancer, available orally, and is now part of maintenance therapy that improved survival in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.

Not mapped hereapproved

15.5

223

Zongertinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (HER2) · Zongertinib was the first oral HER2 inhibitor for lung cancer with HER2 mutations, approved in 2025 and moved to first line in 2026.

Approved2025🇨🇳

15.5

224

Brenetafusp

ImmTAC (PRAME TCR × CD3 bispecific) · Tebentafusp's successor: a soluble T-cell receptor that recognises a fragment of PRAME, a protein present in most melanomas and many other cancers, and drags T cells onto the tumour.

Phase 3

225

Cabazitaxel

Cytotoxic chemotherapy (taxane) · A second taxane that works after docetaxel and beat a second hormone pill head-to-head (CARD).

Approved2010🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

226

Darolutamide

Small-molecule AR antagonist · Darolutamide is an AR blocker that barely enters the brain, so it causes fewer falls and cognitive side effects; it is approved with and without chemotherapy.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

227

Erdafitinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (pan-FGFR) · The first targeted pill for bladder cancer, for the roughly 20% of tumours with FGFR3 alterations, used after immunotherapy.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

228

Fedratinib

Small-molecule JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor · A second JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis that works after ruxolitinib fails; it carries a boxed warning for a rare brain toxicity (Wernicke encephalopathy) so thiamine is checked.

Not mapped hereapproved

229

Gallium-68 DOTATATE (and Cu-64 DOTATATE)

PET radiotracer (somatostatin receptor ligand) · The PET scan for neuroendocrine tumours that finds far more disease than older scans and confirms eligibility for lutetium radioligand therapy (the theranostic pair).

Not mapped hereapproved

230

Isatuximab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD38) · Isatuximab is Sanofi's CD38 antibody, approved in frontline transplant-ineligible myeloma (IMROZ) and, from July 2026, as an under-the-skin injection.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

231

Lapatinib

Small-molecule reversible HER2/EGFR kinase inhibitor · Lapatinib was the first HER2-blocking pill (2007) and is now mostly a comparator arm and a late-line option, displaced by tucatinib and ADCs.

Approved2007🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

232

Leuprolide (leuprorelin) and GnRH agonists

GnRH agonist depot · Leuprolide is the injectable that shuts off testosterone production, the foundation of hormone therapy for prostate cancer since the 1980s; it is also used for ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer.

Not mapped hereapproved

233

Margetuximab

Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · A trastuzumab look-alike with an engineered tail that binds immune cells more tightly; approved in 2020 but rarely used after ADCs arrived.

Approved2020🇨🇳

234

Nadofaragene firadenovec

Non-replicating adenoviral gene therapy (intravesical) · Nadofaragene firadenovec is the first gene therapy for bladder cancer: a virus that makes bladder cells produce interferon for weeks, given once every three months.

Approved2022🇪🇺

235

NALIRIFOX (liposomal irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV)

Cytotoxic regimen · NALIRIFOX is a version of FOLFIRINOX using a liposome-wrapped irinotecan, approved in 2024 as a first-line option for metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Approved2024🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

236

Neratinib

Small-molecule irreversible pan-HER kinase inhibitor · A pill taken for a year after trastuzumab to further reduce recurrence in HER2-positive, hormone-positive breast cancer, limited by severe diarrhoea.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

237

Pacritinib

Small-molecule JAK2/IRAK1/ACVR1 inhibitor · The JAK inhibitor for myelofibrosis patients whose platelet counts are too low for ruxolitinib.

Not mapped hereapproved

238

Pazopanib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR/PDGFR/KIT) · Pazopanib is the only multi-kinase inhibitor approved for soft-tissue sarcoma (excluding fat-derived tumours), used after chemotherapy fails.

Approved2009🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

239

Pivekimab sunirine

ADC (anti-CD123 antibody, IGN payload) · Pivekimab sunirine is an antibody-drug conjugate against CD123, approved in 2026 for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm as the second targeted drug for this rare cancer.

Not mapped hereapproved

240

Pralsetinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET) · Pralsetinib is the second selective RET pill for lung cancer, less used than selpercatinib after a change of owner and label.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺

241

Pyrotinib

Small-molecule irreversible pan-HER kinase inhibitor · Pyrotinib is China's HER2 pill, widely used there with capecitabine and as a comparator for the new Chinese HER2 ADCs.

Not filed🇨🇳

242

Relacorilant

Small-molecule glucocorticoid receptor antagonist · A first-in-class drug that blocks cortisol signalling in tumour cells, approved in 2026 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with chemotherapy.

Approved2026

243

Selinexor

Small-molecule XPO1 (nuclear export) inhibitor · Selinexor is a first-in-class pill that traps tumour-suppressor proteins inside the nucleus; approved in myeloma, it failed its endometrial cancer test in 2026.

Approved2019🇪🇺🇬🇧🇨🇳🇦🇺

244

Trastuzumab biosimilars

Biosimilar monoclonal antibody (anti-HER2) · Near-identical copies of Herceptin, approved since 2017, that cut the price of HER2 treatment and widened access worldwide.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

245

Vandetanib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (RET, VEGFR, EGFR) · Vandetanib was the first drug approved for medullary thyroid cancer (2011), now largely replaced by RET-selective selpercatinib.

Approved2011🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

246

Aldesleukin (high-dose IL-2)

Recombinant interleukin-2 (cytokine) · High-dose interleukin-2 was the first immunotherapy to cure a small fraction of patients with metastatic melanoma and kidney cancer, at the cost of ICU-level toxicity; today it mainly supports TIL therapy.

Not mapped hereapproved

14.5

247

Capmatinib & tepotinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitors (MET) · Capmatinib and tepotinib are two pills for the roughly 3% of lung cancers with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

14.5

248

Carfilzomib

Proteasome inhibitor (irreversible) · Carfilzomib is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor with less nerve damage but more heart and blood-pressure effects.

Approved2012🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

14.5

249

CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin-cytarabine)

Liposomal cytotoxic formulation · The two old chemotherapy drugs packed together into tiny fat bubbles at a fixed ratio, which doubled five-year survival in older adults with high-risk AML.

Approved2017🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

14.5

250

Erlotinib

Small-molecule EGFR TKI (first generation, reversible) · Erlotinib was one of the first EGFR pills for lung cancer; it was approved before anyone knew EGFR mutations predicted who would respond, then redefined by them.

Not mapped hereapproved

14.5

251

FoundationOne CDx / Liquid CDx

Comprehensive genomic profiling test · The FDA-approved tissue (324 genes) and blood genomic tests that serve as companion diagnostics for dozens of drugs.

Approved2017🇯🇵🇪🇺

14.5

252

Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel

Cytotoxic regimen · Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is the gentler of the two standard chemotherapy backbones for pancreatic cancer, and the base on which most new drugs are being tested.

Not mapped hereapproved

14.5

253

Lomustine (CCNU)

Oral nitrosourea chemotherapy · An old chemotherapy pill used when glioblastoma comes back, and the control arm most new glioblastoma drugs must beat.

Not mapped hereapproved

14.5

254

Mogamulizumab

Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody · Mogamulizumab is an antibody that clears cancerous T cells from the blood in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, the leukaemic form of skin lymphoma.

Not mapped hereapproved

14.5

255

Olutasidenib

Small-molecule IDH1 inhibitor · Olutasidenib is a second IDH1 inhibitor for relapsed AML, with a higher response rate in its pivotal cohort than ivosidenib had in its own.

Approved2022

14.5

256

Piflufolastat F-18 / Pylarify TruVu

PET imaging agent · Piflufolastat F-18 (Pylarify) is the leading PSMA PET tracer for prostate cancer, with a new formulation approved in March 2026.

Approved2021🇪🇺🇬🇧

14.5

257

Sonesitatug vedotin

ADC · Sonesitatug vedotin is a Claudin 18.2 ADC in phase 3 for gastric cancer, licensed by AstraZeneca from KYM Biosciences.

Phase 3

14.5

258

Tagraxofusp

Recombinant cytotoxin (IL-3 fused to diphtheria toxin) · Tagraxofusp is a fusion of the growth factor IL-3 with a bacterial toxin that homes to CD123 on a rare, aggressive blood cancer.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧

14.5

259

Trabectedin

Cytotoxic (DNA minor-groove binder) · A chemotherapy derived from a sea squirt, used with liposomal doxorubicin in relapsed ovarian cancer in Europe and for sarcomas.

Approved2015🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

14.5

260

Zidesamtinib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ROS1) · A ROS1 inhibitor approved in July 2026 that works after other ROS1 drugs fail and avoids their brain side effects.

Approved2026

14.5

261

Apalutamide

Small-molecule AR antagonist · An AR blocker approved for prostate cancer that has spread and for high-risk disease before it shows on scans.

Approved2018🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

262

Autogene cevumeran

Personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccine · BioNTech's personalised vaccine, notable for a small pancreatic cancer study where vaccine responders stayed cancer-free for years.

Phase 2

263

Bosutinib

Small-molecule BCR-ABL1/SRC TKI · Bosutinib is a CML pill with less cardiovascular and pleural toxicity than its rivals; its main side effect is diarrhoea.

Not mapped hereapproved

264

Cetuximab sarotalocan

Photoimmunotherapy conjugate (anti-EGFR antibody–IR700 dye) · Cetuximab sarotalocan is an EGFR antibody carrying a light-activated dye: after infusion, a red laser is shone on the tumour and the cells burst. It has been approved in Japan since 2020.

Under review🇯🇵

265

Cosibelimab

Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (IgG1, ADCC-competent) · Cosibelimab is a PD-L1 antibody approved in December 2024 for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, offering a third immunotherapy choice.

Not mapped hereapproved

266

Exemestane

Small-molecule steroidal aromatase inactivator · Exemestane is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, the partner of everolimus and the agent tested with ovarian suppression in young women.

Approved1999🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

267

Gallium-68 gozetotide (PSMA-11)

PET imaging agent · Gallium-68 PSMA-11 was the first PSMA PET tracer approved in the US (2020), and is made on site from a generator or cyclotron.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇦🇺

268

Gefitinib

Small-molecule EGFR TKI (first generation, reversible) · The lung-cancer pill whose dramatic responses in a few patients led to the discovery of EGFR mutations in 2004.

Not mapped hereapproved

269

Goserelin / leuprolide (ovarian function suppression)

GnRH agonist · Monthly or 3-monthly injections that switch off the ovaries, letting premenopausal women use aromatase inhibitors and lowering recurrence in higher-risk cases.

Approved1989🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇨🇳🇦🇺

270

Petosemtamab

Bispecific antibody (EGFR × LGR5) · A two-armed antibody that blocks EGFR while gripping LGR5, a marker of cancer stem cells, so it hits the cells that regrow tumours.

Phase 3

271

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b

Long-acting mono-pegylated interferon alfa · Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a long-acting interferon for polycythaemia vera that, unlike hydroxyurea, can shrink the mutant clone over years.

Not mapped hereapproved

272

Sonidegib

Small-molecule smoothened inhibitor · Sonidegib (Odomzo) is the second hedgehog inhibitor for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, similar in effect and side effects to vismodegib.

Not mapped hereapproved

273

Vinblastine

Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor) · Vinblastine is the vinca alkaloid in ABVD, the standard Hodgkin lymphoma regimen, and was formerly in the cisplatin combinations that first cured testicular cancer.

Not mapped hereapproved

274

Afatinib

Small-molecule pan-ErbB TKI (second generation, irreversible) · Afatinib (Gilotrif) is an irreversible EGFR pill for lung cancer, notable for activity against uncommon EGFR mutations (G719X, L861Q, S768I).

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

275

Belumosudil

Oral ROCK2 inhibitor · Belumosudil is a pill for chronic graft-versus-host disease, the long-term immune complication of donor stem-cell transplants used to cure blood cancers.

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

276

BGB-16673

Small-molecule BTK degrader (CDAC) · Instead of blocking BTK, this pill destroys it, so it works even when the enzyme has mutated to escape every inhibitor.

Phase 3

13.5

277

Cladribine

Purine nucleoside analogue · A one-week infusion that puts most people with hairy cell leukaemia into remission for years; also used in multiple sclerosis in tablet form.

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

278

Enasidenib

Small-molecule IDH2 inhibitor · Enasidenib is the IDH2 counterpart of ivosidenib, approved in the US for relapsed disease but never approved in Europe after it failed to extend survival in a confirmatory trial.

Approved2017

13.5

279

Eribulin

Synthetic halichondrin B analogue (microtubule dynamics inhibitor) · A sea-sponge-derived chemotherapy that extended survival in heavily pretreated breast cancer and in liposarcoma, where almost nothing else had.

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

280

Giredestrant

Oral SERD · Giredestrant is Roche's oral SERD: it failed to beat an aromatase inhibitor in first-line metastatic disease but succeeded after surgery and after CDK4/6 failure.

Phase 3

13.5

281

Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide)

Oral ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (cytoreductive) · Hydroxyurea is a cheap, decades-old pill that lowers high blood counts in polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia and is also the main drug for sickle cell disease.

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

282

Idelalisib

Small-molecule PI3Kδ inhibitor · Idelalisib was the first PI3K inhibitor for blood cancers; it is effective in CLL with rituximab but so toxic (colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, infections) that the class has largely been abandoned.

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

283

Pexidartinib

Small-molecule CSF1R/KIT/FLT3 inhibitor · Pexidartinib is the first drug for tenosynovial giant cell tumour, a benign but destructive joint tumour; it is effective but has liver toxicity that requires a restricted programme.

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

284

Raludotatug deruxtecan

ADC · Raludotatug deruxtecan is a CDH6 ADC in phase 3 for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.

Phase 3

13.5

285

Rusfertide

Hepcidin mimetic peptide · Rusfertide is the first drug to control polycythaemia vera's excess red cells by restricting iron, sparing patients repeated blood removal.

Not mapped hereapproved

13.5

286

177Lu-PSMA-I&T

Radioligand therapy (beta) · 177Lu-PSMA-I&T is a second PSMA radioligand, chemically different from Pluvicto, that has passed two phase 3 trials on progression but has not yet shown a survival benefit.

Phase 3

287

Asparaginase (pegaspargase, calaspargase pegol, Erwinia asparaginase)

Enzyme therapy · An enzyme that starves leukaemia cells of an amino acid they cannot make; a mainstay of childhood ALL therapy for 50 years, with new versions solving allergy and supply problems.

Not mapped hereapproved

288

Bicalutamide

Oral first-generation non-steroidal antiandrogen · The old antiandrogen pill used to block the testosterone flare from GnRH agonists and in combined androgen blockade; superseded by enzalutamide-class drugs.

Not mapped hereapproved

289

Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec

Oncolytic adenovirus (intravesical) · Cretostimogene is a virus engineered to multiply only in bladder cancer cells with a broken RB pathway, instilled into the bladder. It cleared carcinoma in situ in 75% of BCG-unresponsive patients.

Phase 3

290

Duvelisib

Small-molecule PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor · A dual PI3K inhibitor for relapsed CLL whose survival data raised FDA concern; use is now limited to late lines.

Not mapped hereapproved

291

Fluciclovine F-18

PET radiotracer (synthetic amino acid) · Fluciclovine F-18 was the first PET tracer approved for finding recurrent prostate cancer after treatment (2016), and has been largely superseded since 2020 by PSMA PET.

Not mapped hereapproved

292

Mifamurtide

Liposomal muramyl tripeptide (macrophage activator) · An immune-activating drug approved in Europe for osteosarcoma after a trial suggested it improved survival; the FDA never approved it, and it remains one of oncology's transatlantic disagreements.

Not mapped hereapproved

293

Relugolix

Oral GnRH antagonist · Relugolix is the first hormone-suppressing pill for prostate cancer, working within days and wearing off quickly when stopped.

Approved2020🇪🇺🇬🇧🇯🇵🇦🇺

294

Romidepsin

Class I HDAC inhibitor (cyclic peptide) · Romidepsin is an epigenetic drug for T-cell lymphomas of the skin and lymph nodes; its US lymph-node indication was withdrawn when a confirmatory trial failed.

Not mapped hereapproved

295

Technetium-99m tilmanocept

Radiopharmaceutical lymphatic mapping agent · The purpose-built tracer for sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer, melanoma and oral cancer, replacing off-label sulfur colloid.

Not mapped hereapproved

296

Thalidomide

Oral cereblon modulator (first IMiD) · Thalidomide is the drug behind the 1960s birth-defect tragedy, rehabilitated as the first immunomodulatory myeloma drug and the parent of lenalidomide and pomalidomide.

Not mapped hereapproved

297

177Lu-edotreotide

Radioligand therapy (beta) · A second lutetium radioligand for neuroendocrine tumours that beat the standard pill everolimus in a head-to-head trial and is awaiting an FDA decision.

Phase 3

12.5

298

Arsenic trioxide

Inorganic arsenical (differentiation agent) · An ancient poison turned cure: with retinoic acid it cures more than 95% of acute promyelocytic leukaemia without conventional chemotherapy.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

299

Belinostat

Pan-HDAC inhibitor (hydroxamate) · Belinostat is an HDAC inhibitor for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a quarter of patients respond, and it can be used in patients with low platelets.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

300

Camrelizumab + rivoceranib

PD-1 antibody + oral VEGFR2 inhibitor · A Chinese immunotherapy-plus-anti-angiogenic pill combination that clearly beat sorafenib in liver cancer, yet remains unapproved in the US after three manufacturing-related rejections.

Under review🇨🇳

12.5

301

Degarelix

GnRH antagonist depot · An injectable hormone blocker for prostate cancer that lowers testosterone within days without the initial surge caused by agonists.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

302

FAP-2286 (177Lu / 68Ga)

Theranostic pair (peptide radioligand) · A FAP-targeted theranostic pair: one version images almost any solid tumour, the other treats it with radiation.

Phase 2

12.5

303

Flotufolastat F-18

PET imaging agent · Flotufolastat is a third PSMA PET tracer, with a radiohybrid chemistry designed to be reused for therapy.

Approved2023

12.5

304

Fluoroestradiol F-18 (FES PET)

PET radiotracer (oestrogen receptor ligand) · A PET scan that shows which breast cancer deposits still have oestrogen receptors, helping decide whether hormone therapy will work when biopsy is impractical.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

305

Glasdegib

Small-molecule smoothened (hedgehog) inhibitor · Glasdegib is a hedgehog-pathway pill that, with low-dose chemotherapy, extends survival in older AML patients who cannot have intensive treatment; it has largely been displaced by venetoclax combinations.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

306

Ixazomib

Oral proteasome inhibitor (boronate) · Ixazomib (Ninlaro) is the first oral proteasome inhibitor for multiple myeloma, enabling an all-oral triplet with lenalidomide and dexamethasone.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

307

Pafolacianine

Folate receptor-targeted near-infrared fluorescent imaging agent · An injected dye that makes ovarian and lung cancer deposits glow during surgery so surgeons can find lesions they would otherwise miss.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

308

Pegulicianine

Protease-activated fluorescent imaging agent · A cavity-imaging dye used during breast lumpectomy to spot leftover tumour before the operation ends, reducing second surgeries.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

309

Pralatrexate

Antifolate (DHFR inhibitor) · Pralatrexate was the first drug approved specifically for relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma; about a third of patients respond.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

310

Rinatabart sesutecan

ADC · Rinatabart sesutecan is a next-generation folate-receptor ADC with a topoisomerase payload that responds in both ovarian and endometrial cancer regardless of receptor level.

Phase 3

12.5

311

Sunvozertinib

Small-molecule EGFR exon 20 insertion TKI (irreversible) · An oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer that succeeded where mobocertinib failed; approved in China (2023) and the US (2025).

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

312

Treosulfan

Alkylating conditioning agent (busulfan analogue) · A conditioning chemotherapy given before donor stem-cell transplant in AML and MDS; it was long used in Europe and reached the US in 2025.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

313

Tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA)

Oral retinoid (differentiation agent) · The vitamin-A derivative that made acute promyelocytic leukaemia the first cancer cured by differentiation therapy rather than by killing cells.

Not mapped hereapproved

12.5

314

Brigatinib

Small-molecule ALK/EGFR TKI (second generation) · Brigatinib is an ALK pill with strong brain activity, approved first after crizotinib and then first line after beating it in ALTA-1L.

Not mapped hereapproved

315

Ceritinib

Small-molecule ALK TKI (second generation) · Ceritinib is a second-generation ALK pill for lung cancer, effective after crizotinib but with gastrointestinal toxicity that limited uptake.

Not mapped hereapproved

316

Dacomitinib

Small-molecule pan-ErbB TKI (second generation, irreversible) · A second-generation EGFR pill that beat gefitinib on survival in EGFR-mutant lung cancer but was quickly overshadowed by osimertinib.

Not mapped hereapproved

317

Elotuzumab

Anti-SLAMF7 monoclonal antibody · An immune-stimulating antibody for myeloma that works only in combination, adding benefit to lenalidomide or pomalidomide.

Not mapped hereapproved

318

Fianlimab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-LAG-3) · Fianlimab is Regeneron's LAG-3 blocker. Promising early data with cemiplimab did not hold up against pembrolizumab in a first-line phase 3 in 2026.

Phase 3

319

Taletrectinib

Small-molecule ROS1 TKI (next generation, CNS-penetrant) · A ROS1 lung-cancer pill approved in 2025 that works in the brain and after crizotinib, with fewer dizziness-type side effects than repotrectinib.

Not mapped hereapproved

320

Tinengotinib

Small-molecule multi-kinase inhibitor (FGFR1-3, VEGFR, Aurora, JAK) · A next-generation FGFR inhibitor designed to work after pemigatinib or futibatinib stop working, now in a global phase 3.

Phase 3

321

Xaluritamig

Bispecific T-cell engager (STEAP1×CD3, XmAb 2+1) · Xaluritamig is Amgen's T-cell engager for prostate cancer, now in two phase 3 trials, aiming to do for prostate cancer what tarlatamab did for small-cell lung cancer.

Phase 3

322

Zoldonrasib

Small-molecule RAS(ON) G12D-selective inhibitor · The first drug aimed specifically at KRAS G12D, the single most common mutation in pancreatic cancer. Early combination data in 2026 showed half of previously treated patients responding.

Phase 2

323

5-Aminolevulinic acid (oral, for glioma surgery)

Fluorescence-guided surgery agent (protoporphyrin IX precursor) · A drink taken before brain surgery that makes high-grade glioma glow under blue light, letting surgeons remove more tumour safely.

Not mapped hereapproved

11.5

324

Ensartinib

Small-molecule ALK TKI (second generation) · A Chinese-developed ALK pill approved in the US in December 2024 for first-line ALK-positive lung cancer.

Not mapped hereapproved

11.5

325

Mevrometostat

Small-molecule EZH2 inhibitor · An epigenetic drug that may re-sensitise prostate cancer to hormone therapy, in three phase 3 trials with enzalutamide.

Phase 3

11.5

326

Neladalkib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (ALK) · A fourth-generation ALK pill that works after lorlatinib and avoids the TRK-related brain side effects; under FDA priority review with a decision due 27 November 2026.

Phase 3

11.5

327

Zilovertamab vedotin

ADC · Zilovertamab vedotin is a ROR1-directed ADC in phase 3 for large B-cell lymphoma.

Phase 3

11.5

328

131I-MIBG (iobenguane I-131) therapy

Radioligand therapy (beta, norepinephrine transporter) · High-dose radioactive MIBG delivers radiation from inside neuroblastoma cells that take up noradrenaline; used for relapsed disease and tested in upfront therapy.

Established

329

212Pb-DOTAMTATE

Targeted alpha therapy (lead-212) · An alpha-particle version of neuroendocrine radioligand therapy that produced responses in over half of patients who had never had PRRT, with FDA Breakthrough designation.

Phase 2

330

Divarasib

Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Divarasib is Roche's KRAS G12C pill, the first to beat the two approved KRAS drugs head-to-head (July 2026).

Phase 3

331

Sipuleucel-T

Autologous cellular immunotherapy (antigen-presenting cell vaccine) · Sipuleucel-T was the first therapeutic cancer vaccine approved (2010): it lengthened survival in metastatic prostate cancer by about four months without shrinking tumours or lowering PSA.

Not mapped hereapproved

332

Anitocabtagene autoleucel

CAR-T (BCMA, D-domain binder) · Anitocabtagene autoleucel is a BCMA CAR-T with a novel small synthetic binder that produced responses in 97% of heavily pretreated patients; an FDA decision is due in December 2026.

Phase 3

10.5

333

ARX788

ADC · ARX788 is a HER2 ADC with a precisely placed, non-cleavable payload that beat lapatinib-capecitabine in China and showed activity in brain metastases.

Phase 3

10.5

334

Atirmociclib

Small-molecule CDK4-selective inhibitor · A next-generation pill that blocks only CDK4, not CDK6, to keep the benefit of today's drugs without the low blood counts.

Phase 3

10.5

335

Decipher Prostate

Gene-expression genomic classifier · A 22-gene test on the biopsy or surgical specimen that predicts spread and death, used to decide on surveillance or adding hormone therapy.

Established

10.5

336

Ficerafusp alfa

Bifunctional antibody (EGFR × TGF-β trap) · Ficerafusp alfa is an EGFR antibody fused to a TGF-beta sponge, designed to remove the immune-suppressing signal that keeps HPV-negative throat cancers cold.

Phase 3

10.5

337

Luveltamab tazevibulin

ADC · A folate-receptor ADC designed to work across low and high receptor levels, in a pivotal ovarian cancer trial.

Phase 3

10.5

338

Nemtabrutinib

Small-molecule non-covalent BTK inhibitor · Nemtabrutinib is Merck's reversible BTK blocker, active against the C481S escape mutation, being tested against ibrutinib and acalabrutinib in first-line CLL.

Phase 3

10.5

339

Olomorasib

Small-molecule inhibitor (KRAS G12C) · Olomorasib is Lilly's KRAS G12C pill, designed to combine safely with immunotherapy in first-line lung cancer.

Phase 3

10.5

340

Pasritamig

Bispecific T-cell engager (KLK2×CD3) · J&J's prostate-specific T-cell engager, notable for very little cytokine release in early trials.

Phase 3

10.5

341

Tilatamig samrotecan

Bispecific ADC · AstraZeneca's EGFR×c-MET bispecific ADC, the most advanced in the most crowded next-generation ADC target pair.

Phase 2

10.5

342

AK146D1

Bispecific ADC · AK146D1 is Akeso's Nectin-4 × TROP2 bispecific ADC, combining the two most validated ADC addresses in one molecule.

Phase 1

343

Bemarituzumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-FGFR2b) · Bemarituzumab is an antibody against FGFR2b, a growth receptor overproduced in about a third of stomach cancers. It improved survival early in its phase 3 trial, but the gain faded with longer follow-up.

Phase 3

344

ELI-002 7P

Off-the-shelf lymph-node-targeted KRAS peptide vaccine · A ready-made vaccine against the seven commonest KRAS mutations, given after pancreatic cancer surgery. Its phase 2 missed the main goal in 2026 but showed signs of activity.

Phase 2

345

Golcadomide

Molecular glue degrader (CELMoD, IKZF1/3) · Golcadomide is a next-generation lenalidomide-like pill that degrades two lymphoma transcription factors far more potently, now in phase 3 with R-CHOP.

Phase 3

346

Letetresgene autoleucel

TCR-T (NY-ESO-1) · Letetresgene autoleucel is a second engineered T-cell receptor therapy for sarcoma, targeting NY-ESO-1 in synovial sarcoma and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma; a BLA is expected by the end of 2026.

Phase 2

347

Capecitabine + temozolomide (CAPTEM)

Oral cytotoxic regimen · CAPTEM (capecitabine plus temozolomide) is an all-oral chemotherapy pair that shrinks pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in about a third of patients.

Established

9.5

348

DCVax-L

Autologous dendritic cell vaccine (tumour lysate) · A personalised vaccine made from the patient's own immune cells and tumour. Its 20-year-old phase 3 trial reported longer survival, but the way the result was analysed has divided the field.

Phase 3

9.5

349

Iberdomide

CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · Iberdomide is a far more potent successor to lenalidomide, now in phase 3 as post-transplant maintenance and in relapsed disease.

Phase 3

9.5

350

MammaPrint (70-gene signature)

Gene-expression prognostic assay · A 70-gene test that tells whether an early breast cancer is genomically low or high risk, used to decide who can skip chemotherapy.

Established

9.5

351

Puxitatug samrotecan

ADC · Puxitatug samrotecan is a B7-H4 ADC targeting a checkpoint-like protein enriched in breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers.

Phase 2

9.5

352

Trastuzumab brengitecan

ADC · SystImmune's HER2 ADC, sharing its payload with iza-bren, now in a 1,450-patient trial to replace Kadcyla after surgery.

Phase 3

9.5

353

Mezigdomide

CELMoD (cereblon E3 ligase modulator) · Mezigdomide is the most potent oral cereblon modulator, producing responses in about 40% of triple-class-refractory myeloma with dexamethasone alone.

Phase 3

354

Elironrasib

Small-molecule RAS(ON) G12C-selective inhibitor · A next-generation KRAS G12C drug that hits the active form of the protein, from the same company as daraxonrasib.

Phase 2

8.5

355

Magrolimab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-CD47) · The first 'don't eat me' signal blocker. Gilead paid $4.9B for it; it was stopped in 2024 after trials showed more deaths, not fewer.

Withdrawn

8.5

356

Tiragolumab

Monoclonal antibody (anti-TIGIT) · An immune-brake blocker that looked excellent in a phase 2 lung cancer trial and then failed every phase 3.

Negative

357

Zelenectide pevedotin

Bicycle toxin conjugate (Nectin-4, MMAE) · A tiny peptide instead of an antibody carries the same payload as Padcev to Nectin-4, with far less rash and neuropathy in early data, but its developer stepped back in 2026.

Phase 2

358

MRTX1133

Small-molecule non-covalent KRAS G12D inhibitor · MRTX1133 was the first potent chemical tool against KRAS G12D, and proved the mutation could be drugged even though it lacks the reactive handle G12C has.

Phase 1

6.5

359

Epacadostat

Small molecule (IDO1 inhibitor) · An enzyme blocker meant to stop tumours starving T cells of tryptophan. Its 2018 phase 3 failure ended an entire class overnight.

Negative

360

Interferon alfa-2a/2b

Recombinant type I interferon (cytokine) · Interferon alfa was the first biologic cancer drug (1986). It treated hairy cell leukaemia, CML, melanoma, kidney cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, and has been replaced almost everywhere by better-tolerated agents.

Historic

361

Nintedanib

Small-molecule kinase inhibitor (VEGFR/FGFR/PDGFR) · An anti-angiogenic pill that looked promising in mesothelioma in a small trial but failed in the large one.

Negative

362

Tazemetostat

Small-molecule EZH2 inhibitor · Tazemetostat was the first EZH2 inhibitor, approved for epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma in 2020 and withdrawn worldwide in 2026 after secondary blood cancers.

Withdrawn

363

Rindopepimut

Peptide vaccine (EGFRvIII) · A vaccine against a glioblastoma-specific mutant protein that looked promising for years and then failed its phase 3 trial in 2016. It is a landmark failure.

Negative

4.5

364

Bempegaldesleukin

Engineered cytokine (PEGylated IL-2) · Bempegaldesleukin was a re-engineered interleukin-2 meant to be a safer version of a famous old immunotherapy. It added nothing to nivolumab in three phase 3 trials.

Negative

365

Iniparib

Small molecule (claimed PARP inhibitor) · Billed as the first PARP inhibitor for triple-negative breast cancer, it failed its phase 3 in 2011. It turned out not to inhibit PARP at all.

Negative

366

ADU-S100 (MIW815)

Small molecule (STING agonist, intratumoural) · ADU-S100 was the first STING agonist in the clinic. Injected directly into tumours, it produced almost no responses, alone or with checkpoint blockade.

Withdrawn

3.5

367

Moxetumomab pasudotox

Anti-CD22 immunotoxin (Pseudomonas exotoxin A fragment) · An immunotoxin for hairy cell leukaemia that produced lasting remissions in relapsed patients but was withdrawn from sale in 2023 for commercial reasons.

Withdrawn

3.5

368

Rovalpituzumab tesirine

ADC · Rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova-T) was the first drug against DLL3 in small-cell lung cancer. AbbVie bought it for $5.8B and abandoned it after two failed phase 3 trials. The target later worked with a different weapon.

Withdrawn

3.5

369

Copanlisib

Intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor (α/δ predominant) · Copanlisib is an intravenous PI3K inhibitor for relapsed follicular lymphoma, approved in 2017 and withdrawn in 2023 when its confirmatory trial failed.

Withdrawn

370

Eprenetapopt

Small molecule (p53 reactivator) · Eprenetapopt (APR-246) was a drug meant to refold mutant p53, the most common broken protein in cancer. Its phase 3 in blood cancer failed in 2020.

Negative

371

Masofaniten

Small-molecule AR N-terminal domain inhibitor · A drug designed to block the part of the androgen receptor that resistant variants keep; its phase 2 was stopped for futility and development ended.

Withdrawn

372

Umbralisib

Oral PI3Kδ / CK1ε inhibitor · A PI3K inhibitor for marginal zone and follicular lymphoma approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2022 after the UNITY-CLL trial suggested more deaths.

Withdrawn

373

Mobocertinib

Small-molecule EGFR exon 20 insertion TKI (irreversible) · Mobocertinib was the first oral drug for EGFR exon 20 insertion lung cancer, approved in 2021 and withdrawn in 2023-24 after its confirmatory trial failed.

Withdrawn

2.5

374

Trastuzumab duocarmazine

ADC · A HER2 ADC with a DNA-alkylating payload that beat chemotherapy in a phase 3 trial yet never reached the market, because eye and lung toxicity and a stronger rival arrived first.

Withdrawn

2.5

375

Tusamitamab ravtansine

ADC · Tusamitamab ravtansine was Sanofi's ADC against the classic CEA tumour marker, stopped for futility in lung cancer in 2023.

Withdrawn

2.5

376

Melphalan flufenamide

Peptide-drug conjugate · A myeloma drug given accelerated approval in 2021 and withdrawn in the US months later when its confirmatory trial suggested it shortened survival.

Withdrawn

377

Panobinostat

Pan-HDAC inhibitor · An HDAC inhibitor for relapsed myeloma approved in 2015 and withdrawn in 2021 after its confirmatory trial was never completed.

Withdrawn